Abstract
Scleroderma or progressive systemic sclerosis is a chronic fibrosing disease that can involve skin and internal organs. Most interventions intended to modify disease in scleroderma are ineffective. This is different from organ specific drugs that can improve the quality of life in patients with scleroderma, such as the treatment of Raynaud's with calcium channel blockers or proton pump inhibitors used to treat reflux esophagitis. The outcome measurements in scleroderma trials, often include observations of skin involvement, functional status, physical performance (such as grip strength and oral aperture) and assessment of internal organ involvement (including pulmonary, gastrointestinal, renal, and cardiac)
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Akesson, A., Forsberg, L., Hederstrom, E., and Wollheim, F. A., 1986, Ultrasound examination of skin thickness in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), Acta Radiol Diagn 27:472- 477
Akesson, A., Blom-Bulow, B., Scheja, A., Wollmer, P., Valind, S., and Wollheim, F. A., 1992, Long-term evaluation of penicillamine or cyclofenil in systemic sclerosis: Results from a two-year randomized study, Scand. J. Rheumatol 21:238-244
Akesson, A., Scheja, A., Lundin, A., and Wollheim, F. A., 1994, Improved pulmonary function in systemic sclerosis after treatment with cyclophosphamide, Arthritis Rheum 37:729-735
Alarcon-Segovia, D., Ibanez, G., Hershenobich, D., and Rojkind, M., 1974, Treatment of scleroderma by modification of collagen metabolism: A double blind trial with colchicine-placebo (abstr). J. Rheum l:S97
Alarcon-Segovia, D., Ramos-Niembro, F., Ibanez de Kasep, G., Allcocer, J., Perez Tamayo, R., 1979, Long-term evaluation of colchicine in the treatment of scleroderma, J. Rheumatol 6:705-712
Anderson, J. J., Felson, D. T., Meenan, R. F., and Williams, H. J., 1989, Which traditional measures should be used in rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials? Arthritis Rheum 32:1093-1099
Appelboom, T., and Itzkowitch, D., 1987, Cyclosporine in successful control of rapidly progressive scleroderma, Am. J. Med 82:866-867
Barnett, A. J., Miller, M. H., Littlejohn, G. O., 1988, A survival study of patients with scleroderma diagnosed over 30 years (1953-1983): The value of a simple cutaneous classification in the early stages of the disease, J. Rheumatol 15:276-283
Beckett, V. L., Conn, D. L., Ruster, V., Osmundson, P. J., Strong, C. G., Chao, E. Y. S., Chesebro, J. H., O’Fallon, W. M., 1984, Trial of platelet-inhibiting drug in scleroderma: Double-blind study with dipyridamole and aspirin, Arthritis Rheum 27:1137-1143
Binnick, S. A., Shore, S. S, Corman, A., and Fleischmajer, R., 1977, Failure of dimethyl sulfoxide in the treatment of scleroderma, Arch Dermatol 113:1398-1402
Birdi, N., Short A., Rush P., Laxer R. M., Silverman, E. D., and Krafchik, B., 1992, Childhood linear scleroderma: a possible role of theramography for evaluation, J. Rheumatol 19:968-973
Black, C, 1990, Systemic sclerosis: Is there a treatment yet?, Ann. Rheum. Dis 49:735-737
Black, C. M., Jayson, M. I. V., White, A. G., and Million, R., 1983, A double-blind comparison of cyclofenil and placebo in systemic sclerosis (SS) (abstr), Ann. Rheum. Dis 42:229
Blom-Bulow, B., Oberg, K., Wollheim, R. A., Persson, B., Jonson, B., Malmberg, P., Bostrom, H., and Herbai, G., 1981, Cyclofenil versus placebo in progressive systemic sclerosis: A one-year double-blind crossover study of 27 patients, Acta. Med. Scand 210:419-428
Brennan, P., Silman, A., Black, C, Bernstein, R., Coppock, J. Maddison, P., Sheeran, T., Stevens, C, and Wollheim, F., 1992, Reliability of skin involvement measures in scleroderma,Br. J. Rheumatol 31:457-460
Bushnell, W. J., Galens, G. J., Bartholomew, L. E., Thompson, G. et al., 1966, The treatment of progressive systemic sclerosis: A comparison of para-amino-benzoate and placebo in a double blind study (abstr), Arthritis Rheum 9:495
Casa, J. A., Saway, P. A., Villarreal, I., Nolte, C. Menajovsky, B. L., Escudero, E. E., Blackburn, W. D., Alarcon, G. S., Subauste, C. P., 1990, 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of scleroderma: A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled international collaborative study, Ann. Rheum. Dis 49:926-928
Clegg, D. O., Reading, J. C., Mayes, M. D., Seibold, J. R., Harris, C., Wigley, F. M., Ward, J. R, Pisko, E. D, Weisman, M. H., Lee, P., Moreland, L. W., Neuner, R., Gall, E. P., Clements, P., Spindler, J., and Lally, E. V., 1994, Comparison of aminobenzoate potassium and placebo in the treatment of scleroderma, J. Rheumatol 21:105-110
Clements, P. J., Lachenbruch, P. A., Cheung, S., Ng, S. C., Simmons, M., Sterz, M., Furst, D., 1990, Skin score: A semiquantitative measure of cutaneous involvement that improves prediction of prognosis in systemic sclerosis, Arthritis Rheum 33:1256-1263
Clements, P. J., Lachenbruch, P. A., Furst, D. E., Paulus, H. E., Sterz, M. G., 1991, Cardiac score: A semiquantitative measure of cardiac involvement that improves prediction of prognosis in systemic sclerosis, Arthritis Rheum 34:1371-1380
Clements, P. J., Lachenbruch, P. A., Seibold, J. R., Zee, B., Steen, V. D., Brennan, P., Silman, A. J., Allegar, N., Varga, J., Massa, M., Wigley, F. M., Ingenito, F., Weisman, M., White, B., Martin, R. W. McCloskey, D., Moreland, L. W., Mayes, M., Lally, E. V., Unanue, M., Collier, D. H. Weiner, S., Weinstein, A., Medsger, T. A. Jr., Andrews, B., Dixon, M., and Furst, D. 1993a. Skin thickness score in systemic sclerosis: An assessment of interobserver variability in 3 independent studies, J. Rheumatol 20:1892-1896
Clements, P. J, Lachenbruch, P. A., Sterz, M., Danovitch, G., Hawkins, R., Ippoliti, A., Paulus, H. E., 19936. Cyclosporine in systemic sclerosis: Results of a forty-eight-week open safety study in ten patients, Arthritis Rheum 36:75-83
Clements, P., Lachenbruch, P., Seibold, J., White, B., Weiner, S., Martin, R., Weinstein, A., Weisman, M., Mayes, M., Collier, D., Wigley, F., Medsger, T. Jr., Steen, V., Moreland, L., Dixon, M., Massa, M., Lally, E., McCloskey, D., Varga, J., Ingenito, F., and Furst, D., 1995, Inter- and intra-observer variability of total skin thickness score (modified-Rodnan) in systemic sclerosis (SSc), J. Rheumatol 22:1281-1285
Clements, P. J., Wong, W. K., Seibold, J. R., Furst, D. E., Mayes, M., White, B., Wigley, F., Weisman, M., Barr, W., Weinstein, A., Medsger, T. Jr., Steen, V., Martin, R., Moreland, L., Collier, D., Lally, E., Varga, J., Andrews, B., Weiner, S., and Abeles, M., 1997, High-dose (HI-DPA) vs. low-dose (LO-DPA) penicillamine in erly diffuse systemic sclerosis (SSc) trial: Analysis of trial, Arthritis Rheum 4O(suppl):Sl73
Colton, T., 1974, Statistics in Medicine Little, Brown, Boston, pp. 142-146
de Clerck, L. S., Dequeker, J., Francx, L., and Demedts, M., 1987, D-penicillamine therapy and interstitial lung disease in scleroderma: A long-term followup study, Arthritis Rheum 30:643-650
Ferri, C., Cecchetti, R., Cini, G., Gambini, I., La Civita, L., Bernnini, L., Bombardieri, S., Pasero, G., 1992, Slow-releasing nicardipine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomena without underlying diseases, Clin. Rheumatol 11:76-80
Freundlich, B., Rook, A. H., Edelson, R., Wintroub, B., Perez, M., Barr, W., Massa, M., Jimenez, S. A., Varga, J., Steen, V. D., Rietschel, R., Kahaleh, M. D., Perniciaro, C., Istfan, M., Medsger, T. A., and Jegasothy, B., 1990, Extracorporeal photochemotherapy in the treatment of systemic sclerosis (abstr), Arthritis Rheum 33:S35
Freundlich, B., Jiminez, S. A., Steen, V. D., Medsger, T. A. Jr, Szkolnicki, M., and Jaffe, H. S., 1992, Treatment of systemic sclerosis with recombinant interferon-y, Arthritis Rheum 35:1134-1141
Fries, J. F., Spitz, P., Kraines, G., Holman, H. R., 1980, Measurement of patient outcome in arthritis, Arthritis Rheum. 23:137-145
Fries, J. F., Wasner, C., Brown, J., and Reigenbaum, P., 1984, A controlled trial of antihypertensive therapy in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), Ann. Rheum. Dis 43:407-410
Furst, D. E., Clements, P. J., Harris, R., Ross, M., Levy, J., and Paulus, H. E., 1979, Measurement of clinical change in progressive systemic sclerosis: A 1-year double-blind placebo-controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine, Ann. Rheum. Dis 38:356-361
Furst, D. E., Clements, P. J., Hillis, S., Lachenbruch, P. A., Miller, B. L., Sterz, M. G., Paulus, H. E., 1989, Immunosuppression with chlorambucil, versus placebo, for scleroderma: Results of a three-year parallel, randomized, double-blind study,Arthritis Rheum 32:584-593
Gibson, T., and Grahame, R., 1983, Cyclofenil treatment of scleroderma: A controlled study, Br. J. Rheum 22:218-223
Giordano, M., Ara, M., Capelli, L., Tirri, G., Vatti, M., and Valentini, G., 1985, Griseofulvin in scleroderma, in: Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) (C. M. Black and A. R. Myers, eds.), Gower Medical, New York, pp. 446-448
Giordano, M., Valentini, G., Migliaresi, S., Picillo, V., and Vatti, M., 1986, Different antibody patterns and different prognoses in patients with scleroderma with various extent of skin sclerosis, J. Rheumatol 13:911-916
Gruber, B. L., and Kaufman, L. D., 1991, A double-blind randomized controlled trial of ketotifen versus placebo in early diffuse scleroderma, Arthritis Rheum 34:362-366
Guillevin, L., and Ortonne, J. P., 1983, Traitement de la sclerodermie, Ann. Med. Interne (Paris) 134:754-765
Guillevin, L., Chouvet, B., Mery, C., De Gery, A., Thivolet, J., Godeau, P., and Delbarre, F., 1985,Treatment of progressive systemic sclerosis using Factor XIII, Pharmatherapeutica 4:76-80
Harrison, A., Lusk, J., and Corkill, M., 1992, Reliability of skin score in scleroderma, Br. J. Rheumatol 32:170
Hein, R., Behr, J., Hundgen, M., Hunzelmann, N., Meurer, M., Braun-Falco, O., Urbanski, A., and Krieg, T., 1992, Treatment of systemic sclerosis with y-interferon, Br. J. Dermatol 126:496-501
Hughes, P., Holt, S., Rowell, N. R., and Dodd, J., 1976, Thymus-dependent (T) lymphocyte deficiency in progressive systemic sclerosis, Br. J. Dermatol, 95:469-473
Humbert, P., Dupond, J. L., Agache, P., Laurent, R., Rochefort, A., Drobacheff, C., de Wazieres, B., and Aubin, F., 1993, Treatment of sceroderma with oral 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: Evaluation of skin involvement using non-invasive techniques: results of an open prospective trial,Acta Derm. Venereol. (Stockh.) 73:449-451
Jimenez, S., Sigal, S., 1991, A 15-year prospective study of treatment of rapidly progressive systemic sclerosis with D-penicillamine, J. Rheumatol 18:1496-1503
Kahaleh, M. B., Sultany, G. L, Smith, E. A., Huffstutter, J. E., Loadholt, C. B., et al., 1986, A modified scleroderma skin scoring method, Clin. Exp. Rheumatol 4:367-369
Kahan, A., Amor, B., Menkes, C. J., and Strauch, G., 1989, Recombinant interferon-gamma in the treatment of systemic sclerosis, Am. J. Med 87:273-277
Klein, H. A., Wald, A., Graham, T. O., Campbell, W. L., Steen, V. D., 1992, Comparative studies of esophageal function in systemic sclerosis, Gastroenterology 102:1551-1556
Krieg, T., and Meurer, M., 1988, Systemic scleroderma: Clinical and pathophysiologic aspects, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol 18:457-481
Kyle, M. V., Belcher, G., and Hazleman, B. L., 1992, Placebo controlled study showing therapeutic benefit of iloprost in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon, J. Rheumatol 19:1403-1406
Lau, C. S., Belch, J. J. F., Madhok, R., Cappell, H., Herrick, A., Jayson, M., and Thompson, J. M., 1993, A randomised, double-blind study of cicaprost, an oral prostacyclin analogue, in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis, Clin. Exp. Rheumatol 11:35-40
LeRoy, E. C., and Medsger, T. A., 1992, Raynaud's phenomenon: A proposal for classification, Clin. Exp. Rheumatol 10:485-488
LeRoy, E. C., Black, C, Fleischmajer, R., Jablonska, S., Krieg, T., Medsger, T. A. Jr, Rowell, N., and Wollheim, F., 1988, Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis): Classification, subsets and pathogenesis, J. Rheumatol 15:202-204
Masi, A. T., 1988, Classification of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma: Relationship of cutaneous subgroups in early disease to outcome and serologic reactivity, J Rehumatol 15:894-898
Maurice, P. D. L., Bunker, C. B., and Dowd, P. M., 1989, Isotretinoin in the treatment of systemic sclerosis, Br. J. Dermatol 121:367-374
Medsger, T. A. Jr., 1985, Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), eosinophilic fasciitis, and calcinosis, in: Arthritis and Allied Conditions (10th Ed.) (D. J. McCarty, ed.), Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, pp. 994-1036
O’Dell, J. R., Steigerwald, J. C., Kennaugh, R. C., Hawkins, R., Holers, V. M., and Kotzin, B. L., 1989, Lack of clinical benefit after treatment of systemic sclerosis with total lymphoid irradiation, J. Rheumatol 16:1050-1054
Ortonne, J. P., Torzuoli, C., Dujardin, P., and Fraitag, B., 1989, Ketanserin in the treatment of systemic sclerosis: A double-blind controlled trial, Br. J. Dermatol 120:261-266
Pignone, A., Matucci-Cerinic, M., Lombardi, A., Fedi, R., Fargnoli, R., De Dominicis, R., and Cagnoni, M., 1992, High resolution computed tomography in systemic sclerosis: Real diagnostic utilities in the assessment of pulmonary involvement and comparison with other modalities of lung investigation, Clin. Rheumatol 11:465-472
Poole, J., and Steen, V., 1986, The use of the health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) to determine physical disability in systemic sclerosis (abstr). Arthritis Rheum 29:S152
Poole, J. L., and Steen, V. D., 1991, The use of the health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) to determine physical disability in systemic sclerosis, Arthritis Care Res 4:27-31
Pope, J. E., and Bellamy, N., 1993, Outcome measurement in scleroderma clinical trials, Sem. Arthritis Rheum 23:22-33
Pope, J. E., Baron, M., Bellamy, N., Campbell, J., Carette, S., Chalmers, I., Dales, P., Hanly, J., Kaminska, E. A., Lee, P., Sibley, J., and Stevens, A., 1995, Variability of skin scores and clinical measurements in scleroderma, J. Rheumatol 22:1271-1276
Rademaker, M., Cooke, E. D., Almond, N. E., Beachman, J. A., Smith, R. E., Mant, T. G. K., and Kirby, J. D., 1989, Comparison of intravenous infusions of iloprost and oral nifedipine in treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon in patients with systemic sclerosis: A double blind randomised study, Br. Med. J 298:561-564
Rodnan, G. P., 1981, Progressive systemic sclerosis and penicillamine, J. Rheumatol 8(suppl 7):ll6-120
Rook, A. H., Freundlich, B., Jegasothy, B. V., Perez, M. I., Bart, W. G., Jiminez, S. A., Ritschel, R. L., Wintroub, B., Kahaleh, M. D., Varga, J., Heald, P. W., Steen, V., Massa, M. C., Murphy, G. F., Perniciaro, C., Istfan, M., Bellas, S. K., and Edelson, R. L., 1992, Treatment of systemic sclerosis with extracorporeal photochemotherapy: Results of a multicenter trial, Arch. Dermatol 128:337-346
Scherbel, A. L., 1983, The effect of percutaneous dimethyl sulfoxide on cutaneous manifestations of systemic sclerosis, Ann. NY Acad. Sci 411:120-130
Seibold, J. R., Furst, D. E., Clements, P. J., 1992, Why everything (or nothing) seems to work in the treatment of scleroderma, J. Rheumatol 19:673-676
Seibold, J. R., McCloskey, D. A., Furst, D. E., 1994, Pilot trial of methotrexate (MTX) in treatment of early diffuse scleroderma (abstract),Arthritis Rheum 37(suppl l6):R35
Seibold, J. R., Korn, J., Simms, R., Clements, P. J., Moreland, L., Mayes, M. D, Furst, D. E., Rothfield, N., Steen, V., Weisman, M., DeMarco, P., Collier, D., Wigley, F., Merkel, P. A., Csuka, M. E., Rocco, S., Erikson, M., Hannigan, J., Harkonen, W. S., Sanders, M. E., 1997, Controlled trial of recombinant human relaxin (rhRlxn) in diffuse scleroderma (DS), Arthritis Rheum 4O(suppl):Sl23
Sharada, B., Kumar, A., Kakker, R., Adya, C. M., Pande, I., Uppal, S. S., Pande, J. N., Sunderam, K. R., and Malaviya, A. N., 1994, Intravenous dexamethasone pulse therapy in diffuse systemic sclerosis: A randomized placebo-controlled study, Rheumatol Int 14:91-94
Silman, A. J., 1991, Mortality from scleroderma in England and Wales 1968-1985, Ann. Rheum. Dis 50:95-96
Silman, A. J., Harrison, M., and Brennan, P., 1995, Is it possible to reduce the observer variability in skin score assessment of scleroderma? J. Rheumatol 22:1277-1280
Silver, R. M, Warrick; J. H., Kinsella, M. B., Standt, L. S., Baumann, M. H., Strange, C., 1993, Cyclophosphamide and low-dose prednisone therapy in patients with systemic sclerosis (scleoderma) with interstitial lung disease, J. Rheumatol 20:838-844
Sinclair, H. D, Williams, J. D, Rahman, M. A., Denton, C, and Black, C. M., 1994, Clinical efficacy of anti-thymocyte globulin in systemic sclerosis: Results of a placebo-controlled trial (abstr),Arthritis Rheum 36(suppl):S2l7
Special Article, 1980, Preliminary criteria for the classification of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Subcommittee for scleroderma criteria of the American Rheumatism Association Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee, Arthritis Rheum 23:581-590
Steen, V., and Follansbee, W. P., 1992, Thallium perfusion abnormalities predict survival and cardiac dysfunction in patients with systemic sclerosis (abstr), Arthritis Rheum 35:S37
Steen, V. D., Medsger, T. A., and Rodnan, G. P., 1982, D-penicillamine therapy in progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma): A retrospective analysis, Ann. Int. Med 97:652-659
Steen, V. D., Owens, G. R., Redmond, C., Rodnan, G. P., and Medsger, T. A. Jr., 1985, The effect of D-penicillamine on pulmonary findings in systemic sclerosis, Arthritis Rheum 28:882-888
Steen, V. D., Blair, S., and Medsger, T. A. Jr., 1986, The toxicity of D-penicillamine in systemic sclerosis, Ann. Int. Med 104:699-705
Steigerwald, J. C., 1985, Colchicine vs. placebo in the treatment of progressive systemic sclerosis, in: Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) (C. M. Black and A. R. Myers, eds.), Gower Medical, New York, pp. 415-417
Steigerwald, J. C., and Lynch, D., 1977, Colchicine therapy versus placebo: A double-blind study in progressive systemic sclerosis, Abstracts of the XIV Int. Cong. on Rheumatology, San Francisco: 163
Stevens, W., Vancheeswaran, R., Black, C. M., and the UK Systemic Sclerosis Study Group, 1992, Alpha Interferon-2a (Roferon-A) in the treatment of diffuse cutaneous sytemic sclerosis: A pilot study, Br. J. Rheumatol 31:683-689
Tuffanelli, D. L., 1966, A clinical trial with dimethyl sulfoxide in scleroderma, Arch, Derm 93:724-725
van den Hoogen, F. H. J., Boerbooms, A. M. R., Van Lier, H. J. J., and van de Putte, L. B. A., 1994, Methotrexate in systemic sclerosis: Preliminary 45 week results of a placebo controlled double blind trial (abstr), Arthritis Rheum 36(suppl):S2l7
van der Heide, A., Jacobs, J. W. G., Kinant, H. J., and Bijlsma, J. W. J., 1992, The impact of endpoint measures in rheumatoid arthritis trials, Sem. Arthritis Rheum 21:287-294
Vayssairat, M., Baudot, N., Boitard, C., Fiessinger, J. N., and Bach, J. F., 1990, Cyclosporine therapy or severe systemic sclerosis associated with the anti-Scl-70 autoantibody, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol 22:695-696
Vayssairat, M., Baudot, N., Abuaf, N., and Johanet, C., 1992, Long-term follow-up study of 164 patients with definite systemic sclerosis: Classification considerations, Clin. Rheumatol. 11:356-363
Weiner, S. R., Kono, K. H., Osterman, H. A., Levy, J., Paulus, H. E., Pitts, W. H., 1987, Preliminary report on a controlled trial of apheresis in the treatment of scleroderma (abstr), Arthritis Rheum 3O:S27
White, B., 1993, For the ACR Committee on study design and response parameters in SSc., Guidelines for clinical trials with disease-modifying interventions in systemic sclerosis (SSc), Arthritis Rheum 36(suppl):Sl3l
Wigley, F. M., Seibold, J. R., Wise, R. A., McCloskey, D. A., and Dole, W. P., 1992, Intravenous iloprost treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon and ischemic ulcers secondary to systemic sclerosis, J. Rheumatol 19:1407-14
Williams, H. J., Furst, D. E., Dahl, S. L., Steen, V. D., Marks, C., Alpert, E. J., Henderson, A. M., Samuelson, C. O. Jr., Dreyfus, J. N., Weinstein, A., MacLaughlin, E. J., Alarcon, G. S., Kaplan, S. B., Guttadauria, M., Luggen, M. E., Reading, J. C, Egger, M. J., Ward, J. R., 1985, Double-blind, multicenter controlled trial comparing topical dimethyl sulfoxide and normal saline for treatment of hand ulcers in patients with systemic sclerosis, Arthritis Rheum 28:308-314
Winkelman, R. K., Kierland, R. R., Perry, H. O., Muller, S. A., 1965, Treatment of scleroderma with sodium dextrothyroxine: A double-blind experimental trial. Arch. Derm 91:66-69
Zachariae, H., Helkier-Sorensen, I., Heickendorff, L., Zachariae, E., and Hansen, H. E., 1990, Cyclosporin A treatment of systemic sclerosis, Br. J. Dermatol 122:677-681
Zarafonetis, C. J. D., Dabich, L., Negri, D., Skovronski, J. J., De Vol, E. B., and Wolfe, R., 1988a, Retrospective studies in scleroderma: Effect of potassium para-aminobenzoate on survival, J. Clin. Epidemiol 41:193-205
Zarafonetis, C. J. D., Dabich, L., Skovronski, J. J., De Vol., E. B., Negri, D., Yuan, W., and Wolfe, R., l988b, Retrospective studies in scleroderma: Skin response to potassium para-aminobenzoate therapy, Clin. Exp. Rheumatol 6:261-268
Zufferey, P., Depairon, M., Chamot, A.-M., and Monti, M., 1992, Prognostic significance of nailfold capillary microscopy in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon and scleroderma-pattern abnormalities: A six-year follow-up study, Clin. Rheumatol 11:536-541
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pope, J.E. (2000). Measurement in Scleroderma Clinical Trials. In: Schwindt, D.A., Maibach, H.I. (eds) Cutaneous Biometrics. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1199-1_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1199-1_16
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5437-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1199-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive