Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Management of Candida Infections in the Intensive Care Unit

European Perspective

  • Chapter
Fungal Infection in the Intensive Care Unit

Part of the book series: Perspectives on Critical Care Infectious Diseases ((CCID,volume 6))

  • 91 Accesses

Abstract

There is little doubt that fungal infections are becoming more common in critically-ill patients. The reasons for this are many and various. Sicker patients and the widespread use of potent broad-spectrum antibiotics have a role, but part of the picture must be an increasing awareness amongst clinicians and a lower threshold for diagnosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Doern GVet al.International surveillance of blood stream infections due toCandidaspecies in the European SENTRY Program: species distribution and antifungal susceptibility including the investigational triazole and echinocandin agents. SENTRY Participant Group (Europe). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;35:19–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Hollis RJet al.Trends in species distribution and susceptibility to fluconazole among blood stream isolates ofCandidaspecies in the United States. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;33:217–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Doern GV, Sader HS, Hollis RJ, Messer SA. International surveillance of bloodstream infections due toCandidaspecies: frequency of occurrence and antifungal susceptibilities of isolates collected in 1997 in the United States, Canada, and South America for the SENTRY Program. The SENTRY Participant Group. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:1886–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Pavese P, Brion JP, Lebeau B, Grillot R, Ambroise Thomas P. Epidemiology of fungemia in a university hospital; therapeutic incidence. Pathol Biol Paris 1999;47:57983.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Cartledge JD, Midgley J, Gazzard BG. Clinically significant azole cross-resistance in Candida isolates from HIV-positive patients with oral candidosis. AIDS 1997;11:183944.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Cartledge JD, Midgley J, Gazzard BG. Itraconazole cyclodextrin solution: the role of in vitro susceptibility testing in predicting successful treatment of HIV-related fluconazoleresistant and fluconazole-susceptible oral candidosis. AIDS 1997;11:163–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Cartledge JD, Midgley J, Gazzard BG. Transmission of fluconazole-resistant Candida strains between HIV-positive patients and their sexual partners. AIDS 1998;12:1249–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Soutter DI, Todd TR. Systemic candidiasis in a surgical intensive care unit. Can J Surg 1986;29:197–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Grasela TH, Goodwin SD, Pasko MT, Walawander CA, Raebel MA. Use of antifungal therapy in hospitalized patients. I. Results prior to the marketing of fluconazole. Ann Pharmacother 1994;28:252–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Walsh TJ, Hiemenz JW, Seibel NLet al.Amphotericin B lipid complex for invasive fungal infections: analysis of safety and efficacy in 556 cases. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:1383–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Walsh TJ, Finberg RW, Arndt Cet al.Liposomal amphotericin B for empirical therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999;340:764–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Walsh TJ, Seibel NL, Arndt Cet al..Amphotericin B lipid complex in pediatric patients with invasive fungal infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999;18:702–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Sperry PJ, Cua DJ, Wetzel SA, Adler Moore JP. Antimicrobial activity of AmBisome and non-liposomal amphotericin B following uptake ofCandida glabrataby murine epidermal Langerhans cells. Med Mycol 1998;36:135–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Mitsutake K, Kohno S, Miyazaki Yet al.In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of liposomal amphotericin B, and amphotericin B lipid complex. Mycopathologia 1994;128:13–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Mehta RT, Poddar S, Kalidas M, Gomez Flores R, Dulski K. Role of macrophages in the candidacidal activity of liposomal amphotericin B. J Infect Dis 1997;175:214–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Adler-Moore J, Proffitt R. Development characterization efficacy and mode of action of AmBisome, a unilamellar liposomal formulation of amphotericin B. J Liposomal Res 1993;3:429–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Noskin G, Pietrelli L, Gurwith M, Bowden R. Treatment of invasive fungal infections with amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in bone marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999;23:697–703.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Noskin GA, Pietrelli L, Coffey G, Gurwith M, Liang LJ. Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion for treatment of candidemia in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:461–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Brogden RN, Goa KL, Coukell AJ. Amphotericin-B colloidal dispersion. A review of its use against systemic fungal infections and visceral leishmaniasis. Drugs 1998;56:365–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Beovic B, Lejko Zupanc T, Pretnar J. Sequential treatment of deep fungal infections with amphotericin B deoxycholate and amphotericin B colloidal dispersion. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997;16:507–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Anaissie EJ, Mattiuzzi GN, Miller CBet al.Treatment of invasive fungal infections in renally impaired patients with amphotericin B colloidal dispersion. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:606–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Nicolau DP, Crowe H, Nightingale CH, Quintiliani R. Bioavailability of fluconazole administered via a feeding tube in intensive care unit patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995;36:395–401.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Debruyne D. Clinical pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in superficial and systemic mycoses. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997;33:52–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Aust R, Kruse FE, Wildfeuer A, Pfaff G, Rohrschneider K, Volcker HE. (Fluconazole level in aqueous humor after oral drug administration in humans). Ophthalmologe 1995;92:829–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Humphrey MJ, Jevons S, Tarbit MH. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of UK-49,858, a metabolically stable triazole antifungal drug, in animals and humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985;28:648–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Stern JJ, Hartman BJ, Sharkey Pet al.Oral fluconazole therapy for patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and cryptococcosis: experience with 22 patients. Am J Med 1988;85:477–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Quabeck K, Muller KD, Beelen DWet al.Prophylaxis and treatment of fungal infections with fluconazole in bone marrow transplant patients. Mycoses 1992;35:221–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Maenza JR, Keruly JC, Moore RD, Chaisson RE, Merz WG, Gallant JE. Risk factors for fluconazole-resistant candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Infect Dis 1996;173:219–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Duswald KH, Pittrow L, Penk A. (Value of high dosage fluconazole in therapy of candida infections in intensive care medicine). Anaesthesiol Reanim 1998;23:134–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Anaissie EJ, Kontoyiannis DP, Huls Cet al.Safety, plasma concentrations, and efficacy of high-dose fluconazole in invasive mold infections. J Infect Dis 1995;172:599–602.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Duswald KH, Penk A, Pittrow L. High-dose therapy with fluconazole > or = 800 mg day-1. Mycoses 1997;40:267–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Penk A, Pittrow L. (High-dose therapy with fluconazole > or = 800 mg/day. Review). Mycoses 1997;40:33–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Rex J, Bennett J, Sugar Aet al.A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1325–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Nguyen MH, Peacock JE, Tanner DCet al.Therapeutic approaches in patients with candidemia. Evaluation in a multicenter, prospective, observational study. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:2429–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Abele Horn M, Kopp Aet al.A randomized study comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B/5-flucytosine for the treatment of systemic Candida infections in intensive care patients. Infection 1996;24:426–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Hof H, Kretschmar M. (Rational use of antimycotics against yeast infections). Immun Infekt 1995;23:209–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kramer KM, Skaar DJ, Ackerman BH. The fluconazole era: management of hematogenously disseminated candidiasis in the nonneutropenic patient. Pharmacotherapy 1997;17:538–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Plouffe JF, Brown DG, Silva J, Eck T, Stricof RL, Fekety FR. Nosocomial outbreak ofCandida parapsilosisfungemia related to intravenous infusions. Arch Intern Med 1977;137:1686–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Romano F, Ribera G, Giuliano M. A study of a hospital cluster of systemic candidosis using DNA typing methods. Epidemiol Infect 1994;112:393–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Van Cutsem J. Prophylaxis of Candida and Aspergillus infections with oral administration of itraconazole. Mycoses 1994;37:243–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Alangaden G, Chandrasekar PH, Bailey E, Khaliq Y. Antifungal prophylaxis with low-dose fluconazole during bone marrow transplantation. The Bone Marrow Transplantation Team. Bone Marrow Transplant 1994;14:919–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Bodey GP, Samonis G, Rolston K. Prophylaxis of candidiasis in cancer patients. Semin Oncol 1990;17:24–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Bohme A, Just Nubling G, Bergmann L, Shah PM, Stille W, Hoelzer D. Itraconazole for prophylaxis of systemic mycoses in neutropenic patients with haematological malignancies. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996;38:953–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Chandrasekar PH, Gatny CM. The effect of fluconazole prophylaxis on fungal colonization in neutropenic cancer patients. Bone Marrow Transplantation Team. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994;33:309–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Glasmacher A, Hahn C, Molitor Eet al.Fungal surveillance cultures during antifungal prophylaxis with itraconazole in neutropenic patients with acute leukaemia. Mycoses 1999;42:395–402.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Lumbreras C, Cuervas Mons Vet al.Randomized trial of fluconazole versus nystatin for the prophylaxis of Candida infection following liver transplantation. J Infect Dis 1996;174:583–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. van Burik JH, Leisenring W, Myerson Det al.The effect of prophylactic fluconazole on the clinical spectrum of fungal diseases in bone marrow transplant recipients with special attention to hepatic candidiasis. An autopsy study of 355 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1998;77:246–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Winston DJ, Pakrasi A, Busuttil RW. Prophylactic fluconazole in liver transplant recipients. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:729–37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Menichetti F, Del Favero A, Martino Pet al.Itraconazole oral solution as prophylaxis for fungal infections in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. GIMEMA Infection Program. Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell’ Adulto. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:250–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Slotman G, Burchard K. Ketoconazole prevents candida sepsis in critically ill surgical patients. Arch Surg 1987;122:147.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Lo WK, Chan CY, Cheng SW, Poon JF, Chan DT, Cheng IK. A prospective randomized control study of oral nystatin prophylaxis for Candida peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1996;28:549–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Meunier-Carpentier F, Kiehn TE, Armstrong D. Fungemia in the immunocompromised host. Changing patterns, antigenemia, high mortality. Am J Med 1981;71:363–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Bohme A, Karthaus M, Hoelzer D. Antifungal prophylaxis in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies: is there a real benefit? Chemotherapy 1999;45:224–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Safran DB, Dawson E. The effect of empiric and prophylactic treatment with fluconazole on yeast isolates in a surgical trauma intensive care unit. Arch-Surg 1997;132:1184–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Baily GG, Perry FM, Denning DW, Mandal BK. Fluconazole-resistant candidosis in an HIV cohort. AIDS 1994;8:787–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Gleason TG, May AK, Caparelli D, Farr BM, Sawyer RG. Emerging evidence of selection of fluconazole-tolerant fungi in surgical intensive care units. Arch -Surg 1997;132:1197–201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Dube MP, Heseltine PN, Rinaldi MG, Evans S, Zawacki B. Fungemia and colonization with nystatin-resistantCandida rugosain a burn unit. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:77–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Kunova A, Trupl J, Spanik Set al. Candida glabrata Candida krusei non-albicans Candidaspp., and other fungal organisms in a sixty-bed national cancer center in 19891993: no association with the use of fluconazole. Chemotherapy 1995;41:39–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Henry KW, Cruz MC, Katiyar SK, Edlind TD. Antagonism of azole activity againstCandida albicansfollowing induction of multidrug resistance genes by selected antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:1968–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Eggimann P, Francioli P, Bille Jet al.Fluconazole prophylaxis prevents intra-abdominal candidiasis in high-risk surgical patients. Crit Care Med 1999;27:1066–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Sheridan RL, Weber JM, Budkevich LG, Tompkins RG. Candidemia in the pediatric patient with burns. J Bum Care Rehabil 1995;16:440–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Desai MH, Herndon DN. Eradication of Candida burn wound septicemia in massively burned patients. J Trauma 1988;28:140–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Lortholary O, Dupont B. Antifungal prophylaxis during neutropenia and immunodeficiency. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997;10:477–504.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Wagner RD, Pierson C, Warner Tet al.Biotherapeutic effects of probiotic bacteria on candidiasis in immunodeficient mice. Infect Immun 1997;65:4165–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Elmer GW, Surawicz CM, McFarland LV. Biotherapeutic agents. A neglected modality for the treatment and prevention of selected intestinal and vaginal infections. JAMA 1996;275:870–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Hillier SL, Krohn MA, Klebanoff SJ, Eschenbach DA. The relationship of hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli to bacterial vaginosis and genital microflora in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 1992;79:369–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Hilton E, Isenberg HD, Alperstein P, France K, Borenstein MT. Ingestion of yogurt containingLactobacillus acidophilusas prophylaxis for candidal vaginitis. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:353–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Shalev E, Battino S, Weiner E, Colodner R, Keness Y. Ingestion of yogurt containingLactobacillus acidophiluscompared with pasteurized yogurt as prophylaxis for recurrent candidal vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis. Arch Fam Med 1996;5:593–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Tollemar J, Gross N, Dolgiras N, Jarstrand C, Ringden O, Hammarstrom L. Fungal prophylaxis by reduction of fungal colonization by oral administration of bovine anti-Candida antibodies in bone marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999;23:283–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Pittet D, Monod M, Filthuth I, Frenk E, Suter P, Auckenthaler R. Contour-clamped homogenous electric field gel electrophoresis as a powerful epidemiological tool in yeast infections. Am J Med 1991;91:256s-263s.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Pittet D, Monod M, Suter PM, Frenk E, Auckenthaler R. Candida colonization and subsequent infections in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 1994;220:751–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Neumann PR, Rakower SR. The risk of positive cultures for Candida in the critically ill patient. Crit Care Med 1978;6:73–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Verghese A, Prabhu K, Diamond RD, Sugar A. Synchronous bacterial and fungal septicemia. A marker for the critically ill surgical patient. Am Surg 1988;54:276–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Donahue SP, Greven CM, Zuravleff JJet al.Intraocular candidiasis in patients with candidemia. Clinical implications derived from a prospective multicenter study. Ophthalmology 1994;101:1302–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Hogevik H, Alestig K. Fungal endocarditis--a report on seven cases and a brief review. Infection 1996;24:17–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Komshian SV, Uwaydah AK, Sobel JD, Crane LR. Fungemia caused byCandidaspecies andTorulopsis glabratain the hospitalized patient: frequency, characteristics, and evaluation of factors influencing outcome. Rev Infect Dis 1989;11:379–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Lowder JN, Lazarus HM, Herzig RH. Bacteremias and fungemias in oncologic patients with central venous catheters: changing spectrum of infection. Arch Intern Med 1982;142:1456–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AMet al.Intravascular catheter exchange and duration of candidemia. NIAID Mycoses Study Group and the Candidemia Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:994–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Sitges Serra A, Girvent M. Catheter-related bloodstream infections. World J Surg 1999;23:589–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Benoit D, Decruyenaere J, Vandewoude Ket al.Management of candidat thrombophlebitis of the central veins: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:393–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Hollingsed MJ, Morales JM, Roughneen PT, Burch KD. Surgical management of catheter tip thrombus: surgical therapy for right atrial thrombus and fungal endocarditis(Candida tropicalis)complicating paediatric sickle-cell disease. Perfusion 1997;12:197201.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Rose HD. Venous catheter-associated candidemia. Am J Med Sci 1978;275:265–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Rubinstein E, Noriega ER, Simberkoff MS, Holzman R, Rahal JJ. Fungal endocarditis: analysis of 24 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1975;54:331–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Nishida T, Mayumi H, Kawachi Yet al.The efficacy of fluconazole in treating prosthetic valve endocarditis caused byCandida glabrata:report of a case. Surg Today 1994;24:651–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Wells CJ, Leech GJ, Lever AM, Wansbrough Jones MH. Treatment of native valve Candida endocarditis with fluconazole. J Infect 1995;31:233–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Darwazah A, Berg G, Faris B.Candida parapsilosis:an unusual organism causing prosthetic heart valve infective endocarditis. J Infect 1999;38:130–1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Aspesberro F, Beghetti M, Oberhansli I, Friedli B. Fungal endocarditis in critically ill children. Eur J Pediatr 1999;158:275–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Sobel JD, Kauffman CA, McKinsey Det al.Candiduria: a randomized, double-blind study of treatment with fluconazole and placebo. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Mycoses Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:19–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Fong IW. The value of a single amphotericin B bladder washout in candiduria. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995;36:1067–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Sanford JP. The enigma of candiduria: evolution of bladder irrigation with amphotericin B for management - from anecdote to dogma and a lesson from Machiavelli. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16:145–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Comiter CV, McDonald M, Minton J, Yalta SV. Fungal bezoar and bladder rupture secondary toCandida tropicalis.Urology 1996;47:439–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Schmidt H, Fischedick AR, Peters PE, von Lengerke HJ. Candida abscesses in the liver and spleen. The sonographic and computed tomographic morphology. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1986;111:816–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Howell GP, Holt SD, Tiwari IB. Candida septicaemia and abscess formation following multiple injuries with blunt rupture of the stomach. J R Army Med Corps 1988;134:74–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Solomkin JS, Flohr AM, Simmons RL. Indications for therapy for fungemia in postoperative patients. Arch Surg 1982;117:1272–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Nguyen MH, Yu VL. Meningitis caused byCandidaspecies: an emerging problem in neurosurgical patients. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:323–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Bernard E, Cartes M, Toussaint Gari M, Fournier JP, Dellamonica P. Value of fluconazole in the treatment of systemic yeast infection. Pathol Biol Paris 1989;37:690–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Foulds G, Brennan DR, Wajszczuk Cet al.Fluconazole penetration into cerebrospinal fluid in humans. J Clin Pharmacol 1988;28:363–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Jones PD, Marriott D, Speed BR. Efficacy of fluconazole in cryptococcal meningitis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1989;12:235s-238s.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Saag MS, Dismukes WE. Azole antifungal agents: emphasis on new triazoles. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988;32:1–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Tucker RM, Williams PL, Arathoon EGet al.Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in human coccidioidal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988;32:369–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Burgert SJ, Classen DC, Burke JP, Blatter DD. Candidal brain abscess associated with vascular invasion: a devastating complication of vascular catheter-related candidemia. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:202–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. McDonnell PJ, McDonnell JM, Brown RH, Green WR. Ocular involvement in patients with fungal infections. Ophthalmology 1985;92:706–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Virata SR, Kylstra JA, Brown JC, Wohl DA, Cohen MS. Worsening of endogenousCandida albicansendophthalmitis during therapy with intravenous lipid complex amphotericin B. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:1177–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Murray HW, Fialk MA, Roberts RB. Candida arthritis. A manifestation of disseminated candidiasis. Am J Med 1976;60:587–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Thomas FE, Martin CE, Fisher RD, Alford RH.Candida albicansinfection of sternum and costal cartilages: combined operative treatment and drug therapy and 5fluorocytosine. Ann Thorac Surg 1977;23:163–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK

    Neil Soni

Authors
  1. Neil Soni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

    R. A. Barnes

  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

    D. W. Warnock

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Soni, N. (2002). Management of Candida Infections in the Intensive Care Unit. In: Barnes, R.A., Warnock, D.W. (eds) Fungal Infection in the Intensive Care Unit. Perspectives on Critical Care Infectious Diseases, vol 6. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0977-6_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0977-6_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5333-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0977-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation