Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Molecular Biology of Hepatitis Delta Virus

  • Chapter
Hepatitis Viruses

  • 205 Accesses

Abstract

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection was first detected as a novel nuclear antigen in the hepatocytes of HBV-infected patients (1). This new antigen, termed delta antigen by Mario Rizzetto, was initially thought to represent a previously unrecognized HBV antigen. Subsequently, it was demonstrated to be a novel and distinct transmissible agent, composed of the HBV surface antigens (HBsAg), delta antigen (HDAg), and a unique small circular RNA (2). The production and transmission of HDV requires a concurrent HBV infection to supply HBsAg, thus explaining the initial confusion and obligatory association between these two viral infections. HDV infection has been reported worldwide, and is particularly prevalent in the Mediterranean basin, Middle East, South America, West Africa and South Pacific Islands (3, 4). Its infection frequently leads to severe acute and chronic hepatitis and accounts for a large proportion of fulminant hepatitis cases in many parts of the world (5). However, a significant decline in the incidence of HDV infections has been noted worldwide in recent years. Despite the welcome drop in the clinical significance of delta hepatitis, HDV remains a treasure trove of exciting molecular biological phenomena, many of which are yet to be explored. Recent years have also witnessed significant modifications in the HDV replication model, as new data generated by novel experimental approaches provided a new understanding of the HDV replication cycle.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Rizzetto M., Canese M.G., Arico S., Crivelli O., Trepo C, Bonino F., Verme G. Immunofluorescence detection of a new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated with hepatitis B virus in liver and serum of HBsAg carrier. Gut 1977; 18:997–1003.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Rizzetto M., Hoyer B., Canese M.G., Shih J.W.-K., Purcell R.H., Gerin J.L. Delta agent: Association of δ antigen with hepatitis B surface antigen and RNA in serum of d-infected chimpanzees. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980; 77:6124–6128.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Rizzetto M., Purcell R.H., Gerin J.L. Epidemiology of HBV-associated delta agent: Geographical distribution of anti-delta and prevalence in polytransfused HBsAg carrier. Lancet, 1980; 1:1215–1218.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ponzetto A., Forzani B., Parravicini P.P., Hele C, Zanetti A., Rizzetto M. Epidemiology of hepatitis delta virus infection. Eur J Epidemiol. 1985; 1:257–263.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Hadler S.C., de Monzon M.A., Rivero D., Perez M., Bracho A., Fields H. Epidemiology and long-term consequences of hepatitis delta virus. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 136:1507–1516.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Diener T.O. Pruisner S.B. “The recognition of subviral pathogens”. In Subviral Pathogens of Plants and Animals. Viroids and Prions, K. Maramorosch, J.J.J. McKelvey, eds. Orlando: Academic Press, Inc, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Murphy F.A. “Virus Taxonomy.” In Sixth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses” Wien; New York: Springer-Verlag. 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bonino F., Hoyer B., Shih J.W.-K., Rizzetto M., Purcell R.H., Gerin J.L. Delta hepatitis agent: structural and antigenic properties of the delta-associated particles. Infect Immunity 1984; 43:1000–1005.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bonino F., Heermann K.H., Rizzetto M., Gerlich W.H. (1986) Hepatitis delta virus: protein composition of delta antigen and its hepatitis B virus-derived envelope. J Virol 1986; 58:945–950.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bergmann K.F. Gerin J.L. Antigens of hepatitis delta virus in the liver and serum of humans and animals. J Infect Dis 1986; 154:702–706.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Pohl C, Baroudy B.M., Bergmann K.F., Cote P.J., Purcell R.H., Hoofhagle J., Gerin J.L. A human monoclonal antibody that recognizes viral polypeptides and in vitro translation products of the genome of the hepatitis D virus. J Infect Dis 1987; 156:622–629.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Zuccola H.J., Rozzelle J.E., Lemon S.M., Erickson B.W., Hogle J.M. Structural basis of the oligomerization of hepatitis delta antigen. Structure 1998; 6:821–830.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Ryu W.-S., Netter H.J., Bayer M., Taylor J. Ribonucleoprotein complexes of hepatitis delta virus. J Virol 1993; 67:3281–3287.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Wang K.S., Choo Q.L., Weiner A.J., Ou J.H., Najarian R.C., Thayer R.M., Mullenbach G.T., Denniston K.J., Gerin J.L., Houghton M. Structure, sequence and expression of the hepatitis delta viral genome. Nature 1986; 323:508–514.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Makino S., Chang M.-F., Shieh C.-K., Kamahora T., Vannier D.M., Govindarajan S., Lai M.M.C. “Molecular biology of a human hepatitis delta virus RNA.” In Hepadnaviruses, W. Robinson, K. Koike, H. Will, eds., New York: Alan Liss, Inc. 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kos A., Dijkema R., Arnberg A.C., van der Merde P.H., Schellekens H. The hepatitis delta (d) virus possesses a circular RNA. Nature 1986; 323:558–560.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Casey J.L., Brown T.L., Colan E.J., Wignall F.S., Gerin J.L. A genotype of hepatitis D virus that occurs in northern South America. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90:9016–9020.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Imazeki F., Omata M., Ohto M. Complete nucleotide sequence of hepatitis delta virus RNA in Japan. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:5439.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Wu J.-C, Choo K.-B., Chen C.-M., Chen T.-Z., Hue T.-C, Lee S.-D. Genotyping of hepatitis D virus by restriction-fragment length polymorphism and relation to outcome of hepatitis D. Lancet 1995; 346:939–941.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Branch A.D., Benenfeld B.J., Baroudy B.M., Wells F.V., Gerin J.L., Robertson H.D. An ultraviolet-sensitive RNA structural element in a viroid-like domain of the hepatitis delta virus. Science 1989; 243:649–652.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Elena S.F., Dopazo J., Flores R., Diener T.O., Moya A.. Phylogeny of viroids, viroidlike satellite RNAs, and the viroidlike domain of hepatitis δ virus RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88:5631–5634.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Robertson H.D. How did replicating and coding RNAs first get together? Science 1996; 274:66–67.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Brazas R., Ganem D. A cellular homolog of hepatitis delta antigen: implications for viral replication and evolution. Science 1996; 274:90–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Long M., de Souza S.J., Gilbert W. Delta-interacting protein A and the origin of hepatitis delta antigen. Science 1996; 274:90–94.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Wu H.-N., Wang Y.-J., Hung C.-F., Lee H.-J., Lai M.M.C. Sequence and structure of the catalytic RNA of hepatitis delta virus genomic RNA. J Mol Biol. 1992; 223:233–245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kuo M.Y.-P., Sharmeen L., Dinter-Gottlieb G., Taylor J. Characterization of self-cleaving RNA sequences on the genome and antigenome of human hepatitis delta virus. J Virol 1988 62:4439–4444.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Wu H.-N. Lai M.M.C. Reversible cleavage and ligation of hepatitis delta virus RNA. Science 1989; 243:652–654.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Sharmeen L., Kuo M.Y.-P., Dinter-Gottlieb G., Taylor J. The antigenomic RNA of human hepatitis delta virus can undergo self-cleavage. J Virol 1988; 62:2674–2679.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Wu H.-N., Lin Y.-J., Lin F.-P., Makino S., Chang M.-F., Lai M.M.C. Human hepatitis δ virus RNA subfragments contain an autocleavage activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86:1831–1835.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Branch A.D., Robertson H.D. Efficient trans cleavage and a common structural motif for the ribozymes of the human hepatitis δ agent. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:10163–10167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Perrotta A.T., Been M.D. Cleavage of oligoribonucleotides by a ribozyme derived from the hepatitis delta virus RNA sequence. Biochemistry 1992: 31:16–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Perrotta A.T., Shih I., Been M.D. Imidazole rescue of a cytosine mutation in a self-cleaving ribozyme. Science 1999; 286:123–126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ferre-D’Amare A.R., Zhou K., Doudna J.A. Crystal structure of a hepatitis delta virus ribozyme. Nature 1998; 395:567–574.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Hampel A. Tritz R. RNA catalytic properties of the minimum (-)STRSV sequence. Biochemistry 1989; 28:4929–4933.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Forster A.C. Symons R.H. Self-cleavage of plus and minus RNAs of a virusoid and a structural model for the active sites. Cell 1987; 49:211–220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Macnaughton T.B., Wang Y.-J., Lai M.M.C. Replication of hepatitis delta virus RNA: Effect of mutations of the autocatalytic cleavage sites. J Virol 1993: 67:2228–2234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Jeng K.S., Daniel A., Lai M.M.C. A pseudoknot ribozyme structure is active in vivo and required for hepatitis delta virus RNA replication. J Virol 1996; 70:2403–2410.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Sharmeen L., Kuo M.Y.-P., Taylor J. Self-ligating RNA sequences on the antigenome of human hepatitis delta virus. J. Virol. 1989; 63:1428–1430.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Lazinski D.W., Taylor J.M. Intracellular cleavage and ligation of hepatitis delta virus genomic RNA: Regulation of ribozyme activity by cw-acting sequences and host factors. J. Virol 1995; 69:1190–1200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Reid CE. Lazinski D.W. A host-specific function is required for ligation of a wide variety of ribozyme-processed RNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97:424–429.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Chang M.-F., Baker S.C., Soe L.H., Kamahora T., Keck J.G., Makino S., Govindarajan S., Lai M.M.C. Human hepatitis delta antigen is a nuclear phosphoprotein with RNA-binding activity. J Virol 1988; 62:2403–2410.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hwang S.B., Lee C.Z., Lai M.M.C. Hepatitis delta antigen expressed by recombinant baculoviruses: Comparison of biochemical properties and post-translational modifications between the large and small forms. Virology 1992; 190:413–422.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Mu J.-J., Wu H.-L., Chiang B.-L., Chang R.-P., Chen D.-S., Chen P.-J. Characterization of the phosphorylated forms and the phosphorylated residues of hepatitis delta virus delta antigens. J Virol 1999; 73:10540–10545.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Yeh T.S., Lo S.J., Chen P.J., Lee Y.H.W. Casein kinase II and protein kinase C modulate hepatitis delta virus RNA replication but not empty viral particle assembly. J Virol. 1996; 70:6190–6198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Chen P.-J., Chang F.-L., Wang C.-J., Lin C.-J., Sung S.-Y., Chen D.-S. Functional studies of hepatitis delta virus large antigen in packaging and replication inhibition: Role of the amino-terminal leucine zipper. J Virol 1992; 66:2853–2859.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Xia Y.-P. Lai M.M.C. Oligomerization of hepatitis delta antigen is required for both the trans-activating and trans-dominant inhibitory activities of the delta antigen. J Virol 1992; 66:6641–6648.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Xia Y.-P., Yeh C.-T., Ou J.-H., Lai M.M.C. Characterization of nuclear targeting signal of hepatitis delta antigen: nuclear transport as a protein complex. J Virol 1992; 66:914–921.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Chou H.-C, Hsieh T.-Y., Sheu G.-T., Lai M.M.C. Hepatitis delta antigen mediates the nuclear import of hepatitis delta virus RNA. J Virol 1998; 72:3684–3690.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Lee, C.-Z., Lin J.-H., McKnight K., Lai M.M.C. RNA-binding activity of hepatitis delta antigen involves two arginine-rich motifs and is required for hepatitis delta virus RNA replication. J Virol 1993; 67:2221–2229.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Poisson F., Roingeard P., Baillou A., Dubois F., Bonelli R., Calogero R.A., Goudeau A. Characterization of RNA-binding domains of hepatitis delta antigen. J Gen Virol (1993) 74:2473–2477.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Chang, M.-F., Sun C.-Y., Chen C.-J., Chang S.-C. Functional motifs of delta antigen essential for RNA binding and replication of hepatitis delta virus. J. Virol. 1993; 67:2529–2536.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Otto J.C. Casey P.J. The hepatitis delta virus large antigen is farnesylated both in vitro and in animal cells. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:4569–4572.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Glenn J.S., Watson J.A., Havel C.M., White J.M. Identification of a prenylation site in delta virus large antigen. Science 1992; 256:1331–1333.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Hwang S.B., Lai M.M.C. Isoprenylation mediates direct protein-protein interactions between hepatitis large delta antigen and hepatitis B virus surface antigen. J Virol 1993;67:7659–7662.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Lee C.-Z., Chen P.-J., Lai M.M.C, Chen D.S.. Isoprenylation of large hepatitis delta antigen is necessary but not sufficient for hepatitis delta virus assembly. Virology 1994; 199:169–175.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Chang M.-F., Chen C.-J., Chang S.-C. Mutational analysis of delta antigen: effect on assembly and replication of hepatitis delta virus. J Virol 1994; 68:646–653.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. de Bruin W., Leenders W., Kos T., Yap S.H. In vitro binding properties of the hepatitis delta antigens to the hepatitis B virus envelope proteins: potential significance for the formation of delta particles. Virus Res 1994; 31:27–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Kuo M.Y.-P., Chao M., Taylor J. Initiation of replication of the human hepatitis delta virus genome from cloned DNA: Role of delta antigen. J Virol 1989; 63:1945–1950.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Chao M., Hsieh S.-Y., Taylor J. Role of two forms of hepatitis delta virus antigen: Evidence for a mechanism of self-limiting genome replication. J Virol 1990; 64:5066–5069.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Glenn J.S., White J.M. Trans-dominant inhibition of human hepatitis delta virus genome replication. J Virol 1991; 65:2357–2361.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Chang F.-L., Chen P.-J., Tu S.-J., Wang C-J., Chen D.-S. The large form of hepatitis δ antigen is crucial for assembly of hepatitis δ virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88:8490–8494.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Ryu W.-S., Bayer M., Taylor J. Assembly of hepatitis delta virus particles. J Virol 1992; 66:2310–2315.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Casey J.L., Gerin J.L. Genotype-specific complementation of hepatitis delta virus RNA replication by hepatitis delta antigen. J Virol 1998; 72:2806–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Lazinski D.W. Taylor J.M. Expression of hepatitis delta virus RNA deletions: cis and trans requirements for self-cleavage, ligation and RNA packaging. J Virol 1994; 68:2879–2888.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Jeng K.S., Su P.Y., Lai M.M.C. Hepatitis delta antigens enhance the ribozyme activities of hepatitis delta virus RNA in vivo. J Virol. 1996; 70:4205–4209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Huang Z.S., Wu H.N. Identification and characterization of the RNA chaperone activity of hepatitis delta antigen peptides. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:26455–26461.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Hsieh S.-Y. Taylor J. Regulation of polyadenylation of hepatitis delta virus antigenomic RNA. J Virol. 1991; 65:6438–6446.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Hsieh S.-Y., Yang P.-Y., Ou J.T., Chu CM., Liaw Y.F. Polyadenylation of the mRNA of hepatitis delta virus is dependent upon the structure of the nascent RNA and regulated by the small or large delta antigen. Nucleic Acids Res 1994; 22:391–396.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Ponzetto A., Cote P.J., Popper H., Hoyer B.H., London W.T., Ford E.C, Bonino F., Purcell R.H., Gerin J.L. Transmission of hepatitis B virus-associated delta agent to the eastern woodchuck. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984; 81:2208–2212.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Chang J., Morabda G., Taylor J. Limitations to replication of hepatitis delta virus in avian cells. J Virol 2000; 74:8861–8866.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Sureau C, Jacob J.R., Eichberg J.W., Lanford R.E. Tissue culture system for infection with human hepatitis delta virus. J Virol 1991; 65:3443–3450.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Choi S.-S., Rasshofer R., Roggendorf M.. Propagation of woodchuck hepatitis delta virus in primary woodchuck hepatocytes. Virology 1988; 167:451–457.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Taylor J., Mason W., Summers J., Goldberg J., Aldrich C, Coates L., Gerin J., Gowans E. Replication of human hepatitis delta virus in primary cultures of woodchuck hepatocytes. J Virol. 1987; 61:2891–2895.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Macnaughton T.B., Beard M.R., Chao M., Gowans E.J., Lai M.M.C. Endogenous promoters can direct the transcription of hepatitis delta virus RNA from a recircularized cDNA template. Virology 1993; 196:629–636.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Tai F.-P., Chen P.-J., Chang F.-L., Chen D.-S. Hepatitis delta virus cDNA can be used in transfection experiments to initiate viral RNA replication. Virology 1993; 197:137–142.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Glenn J.S., Taylor J.M., White J.M. In vitro-synthesized hepatitis delta virus RNA initiates genome replication in cultured cells. J Virol. 1990; 64:3104–3107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Modahl L.E., Lai M.M.C. Transcription of hepatitis delta antigen mRNA continues throughout hepatitis delta virus (HDV) replication: A new model of HDV RNA transcription and replication. J Virol 1998;72:5449–5456.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Bichko V., Netter H.J., Taylor J. Efficient introduction of hepatitis delta virus into animal cell lines via cationic liposomes. J Virol 1994; 68:5247–5252.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Dingle K., Bichko V., Zuccola H., Hogle J., Taylor J. Initiation of hepatitis delta virus genome replication. J Virol 1998; 72:4783–4788.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Sheu G.-T., Lai M.M.C. Recombinant hepatitis delta antigen from E. coli promotes hepatitis delta virus RNA replication only from the genomic strand but the antigenomic strand. Virology 2000; 278:578–586.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Hwang S.B., Jeng K.S., Lai M.M.C. “Studies of functional roles of hepatitis delta antigen in delta virus RNA replication.” In The unique hepatitis delta virus, G. Dinter-Gottleib, ed. Austin: R. G. Landes Company, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Ponzetto A., Negro F., Popper H., Bonino F., Engle R., Rizzetto M., Purcell R.H., Gerin J.L. Serial passage of hepatitis delta virus infection in chronic hepatitis B virus carrier chimpanzees. Hepatology 1988; 8:1655–1661.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Rizzetto M., Canese M.G., Gerin J.L., London W.T., Sly D.L., Purcell R.H. Transmission of the hepatitis B virus-associated delta antigen to chimpanzees. J Infect Dis 1980; 141:590–602.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Netter H.J., Kajino K., Taylor J.M. Experimental transmission of human hepatitis delta virus to the laboratory mouse. J Virol 1993; 67:3357–3362.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Polo J.M., Jeng K.S., Lim B., Govindarajan S., Hofman F., Sangiorgi F., Lai M.M.C. Transgenic mice support replication of hepatitis delta virus RNA in multiple tissues, particularly in skeletal muscle. J Virol. 1995; 69:4880–4887.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Polo J.M., Lim B., Govindarajan S., Lai M.M.C. Replication of hepatitis delta virus RNA in mice after intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA. J Virol. 1995; 69:5203–5207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Gowans E.J., Baroudy B.M., Negro F., Ponzetto A., Purcell R.H., Gerin J.L. Evidence for replication of hepatitis delta virus RNA in hepatocyte nuclei after in vivo infection. Virology 1988; 167:274–278.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Macnaughton T.B., Gowans E.J., Jilbert A.R., Burrell C.J. Hepatitis delta virus RNA, protein synthesis and associated cytotoxicity in a stably transfected cell line. Virology 1990; 177:692–698.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Fu T.-B. Taylor J. The RNAs of hepatitis delta virus are copied by RNA polymerase II in nuclear homogenates. J Virol 1993; 67:6965–6972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Filipovska J. Konarska M.M. Specific HDV RNA-templated transcription by pol II in vitro. RNA 2000; 6: 41–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Modahl L.E., Macnaughton T.B., Zhu N., Johnson D.L., Lai M.M.C. RNA-dependent replication and transcription of hepatitis delta virus RNA involve distinct cellular RNA polymerases. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:6030–6039.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Branch A.D., Robertson H.D. A replication cycle for viroids and other small infectious RNAs. Science 1984; 223:450–455.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Lai M.M.C. The molecular biology of hepatitis delta virus. Annu Rev Biochem 1995;64:259–286.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Beard M.R., Macnaughton T.B., Gowans E.J. Identification and characterization of a hepatitis delta virus RNA transcriptional promoter. J Virol 1996; 70: 4986–4995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Modahl L.E., Lai M.M.C. The large delta antigen of hepatitis delta virus potently inhibits genomic but not antigenomic RNA synthesis: A mechanism enabling initiation of viral replication. J Virol 2000; 74:7375–7380.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Chen P.-J., Kalpana G., Goldberg J., Mason W., Werner B., Gerin J.L., Taylor J. Structure and replication of the genome of hepatitis delta virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83:8774–8778.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Hsieh S.-Y., Chao M., Coates L., Taylor J. Hepatitis delta virus genome replication: a polyadenylated mRNA for delta antigen. J Virol 1990; 64:3192–3198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Lo K., Hwang S.B., Duncan R., Trousdale M., Lai M.M.C. Characterization of mRNA for hepatitis delta antigen: Exclusion of the full-length antigenomic RNA as an mRNA. Virology 1998; 250:94–105.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Taylor J.M. Hepatitis delta virus. Intervirology 1999; 42:173–178.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Luo G., Chao M., Hsieh S.Y., Sureau C, Nishikura K., Taylor J. A specific base transition occurs on replicating hepatitis delta virus RNA. J Virol 1990; 64:1021–1027.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Poison A.G., Bass B.L., Casey J.L. RNA editing of hepatitis delta virus antigenome by dsRNA- adenosine deaminase. Nature 1996; 380:454–456.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Casey J.L., Gerin J.L. Hepatitis D virus RNA editing: Specific modification of adenosine in the antigenomic RNA. J Virol 1995; 69:7593–7600.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Casey J.L., Bergmann K.F., Brown T.L., Gerin J.L. Structural requirements for RNA editing in hepatitis delta virus: evidence for a uridine-to-cytidine editing mechanism Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89:7149–7153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Zheng H., Fu T.-B., Lazinski D., Taylor J.. Post-transcriptional modification of genomic RNA of human hepatitis delta virus. J Virol. 1992; 66:4693–4697.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Polson A.G., Ley H.L., Bass B.L., Casey J.L. Hepatitis delta virus RNA editing is highly specific for the amber/W site and is suppressed by hepatitis delta antigen. Mol Cell Biol. 1998; 18:1919–1926.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Xia Y.-P., Chang M.-F., Wei D., Govindarajan S., Lai M.M.C. Heterogeneity of hepatitis delta antigen. Virology 1990; 178:331–336.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Lazinski D.W. Taylor J.M. Relating structure to function in the hepatitis delta virus antigen. J Virol 1993; 67:2672–2680.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Bichko V.V., Taylor J.M. Redistribution of the delta antigens in cells replicating the genome of hepatitis delta virus. J Virol 1996; 70:8064–8070.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Bell P., Brazas R., Ganem D., Maul G.G. Hepatitis delta virus replication generates complexes of large hepatitis delta antigen and antigenomic RNA that affiliate with and alter nuclear domain 10. J Virol 2000; 74:5329–5336.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Cunha C, Monjardino J., Chang D., Krause S., Carmo-Fonseca M. Localization of hepatitis delta virus RNA in the nucleus of human cells. RNA 1998; 4:680–693.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Lee CH., Chang S.C, Chen C.J., Chang M.F. The nucleolin binding activity of hepatitis delta antigen is associated with nucleolus targeting. J Biol Chem. 1998; 273:7650–7656.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Lo K., Sheu G.-W., Lai M.M.C. Inhibition of cellular RNA polymerase II transcription by delta antigen of hepatitis delta virus. Virology 1998; 247:178–188.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Wei Y., Ganem D. Activation of heterologous gene expression by the large isoform of hepatitis delta antigen. J Virol 1998; 72:2089–2096.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Wang C.-J., Chen P.-J., Wu J.-C, Patel D., Chen D.-S. Small-form hepatitis B surface antigen is sufficient to help in the assembly of hepatitis delta virus-like particles. J Virol. 1991; 65:6630–6636.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Lee C-Z., Chen P.J., Chen D.S. Large hepatitis delta antigen in packaging and replication inhibition: Role of the carboxyl-terminal 19 amino acids and aminoterminal sequences. J Virol 1995; 69:5332–5336.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Wang H.-W., Chen P.-J., Lee C.-Z., Wu H.-L., Chen D.-S. Packaging of hepatitis delta virus RNA via the RNA-binding domain of hepatitis delta antigens: Different roles for the small and large delta antigens. J Virol 1994; 68:6363–6371.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Lin J.-H., Chang M.-F., Baker S.C., Govindarajan S., Lai M.M.C. Characterization of hepatitis delta antigen: Specific binding to hepatitis delta virus RNA. J Virol 1990; 64:4051–4058.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Sureau C, Moriarty A.M., Thornton G.B., Lanford R.E. Production of infectious hepatitis delta virus in vitro and neutralization with antibodies directed against hepatitis B virus pre-S antigens. J Virol 1992; 66:1241–1245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA

    Thomas B. Macnaughton & Michael M. C. Lai

  2. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA

    Michael M. C. Lai

Authors
  1. Thomas B. Macnaughton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael M. C. Lai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Southern California, USA

    J.-H. James Ou

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Macnaughton, T.B., Lai, M.M.C. (2002). The Molecular Biology of Hepatitis Delta Virus. In: Ou, JH.J. (eds) Hepatitis Viruses. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0881-6_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0881-6_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5285-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0881-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation