Abstract
The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) combining inhibitors of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease have dramatically modified the course of the HIV infection during the past four years. Despite some controversies about the extent to which the immune system can normalize, it is generally admitted nowadays that some immune reconstitution can be obtained in both asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals and AIDS patients and can confer host protection against opportunistic events (1-5). The best hallmark of such immune restoration is the massive decline in the mortality and morbidity related to AIDS that have been registered in all industrialized countries (6 7). Although these recent advances warrant optimism, the current HAART regimens are unable to eradicate the virus and to restore an HIV-specific immunity (8 9), except when introduced immediately after virus contamination (10). Nevertheless the immune reconstitution obtained with these antiretroviral drugs alone, even incomplete, has brought definitive evidences for the central role played by HIV itself in the massive immune alterations induced by such infection.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Autran, B., G. Carcelain, T.S. Li, C. Blanc, D. Mathez, R. Tubiana, C. Katlama, and P. Debre, J. Leibowitch. 1997. Positive effects of combined anti-retroviral therapy on CD4+ T cell homeostasis and function in advanced HIV disease.Science.277:112–116.
Gorochov, G., A.U. Neumann, A. Kereveur, C. Parizot, T.S. Li, C. Katlama, M. Karmochkine, G. Raguin, B. Autran, and P. Debre. 1998. Perturbation of CD4 and CD8 T cell repertoires during progression to AIDS and influence of antiviral therapy.Nature Medicine.4(2):215–221.
Li, T.S., R. Tubiana, C. Katlama, V. Calvez, H.A. Mohand, and B. Autran. 1998. Long lasting recovery in CD4+ T cell function mirrors viral load reduction after highly active anti-retroviral therapy in patients with advanced HIV disease.Lancet.351:1682–1686.
Lederman, M.M., E. Connick, A. Landay, D.R. Kuritzkes, J. Spritzler, M. St Clair, B.L. Kotzin, L. Fox, M.H. Chiozzi, J.M. Leonard, F. Rousseau, M. Wade, J.D. Roe, A. Martinez, and H. Kessler. 1998. Immunologic responses associated with 12 weeks of combination antiretroviral therapy consisting of Zidovudine, Lamivudine and Ritonavir: results of AIDS clinical trials group protocol 315.J lnfect Dis.178:70–79.
Pakker, N.G., D.W. Notermans, R.J. De Boer, M.T.L. Roos, F. De Wolf, A. Hill, J.M. Leonard, S.A. Danner, F. Miedema, and P.T.A. Schellekens. 1998. Biphasic kinetics of peripheral blood T cells after triple combination therapy in HIV-1 infection: A composite of redistribution and proliferation.Nat Med.(4)2:208–214.
Hogg, R.S., M.W. O’Shaughnessy, N. Gataric, B. Yip, K. Craib, M.T. Schechter, and J.S. Montaner. 1997. Decline in deaths from AIDS due to new antiretrovirals.Lancet.349:1294.
Palella, F.J., K.M. Delaney, A.C. Moorman, M.O. Loveless, J. Fuhrer, G.A. Satten, D.J. Aschman, S.D. Holmberg, and the HIV outpatient study investigators. 1998. Declining Morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection.N Engl J Med338(13):853–60.
Plana, M., F. Garcia, T. Gallart, J.M. Miro, and J.M. Gatell. 1998. Lack of T-cell proliferative response to HIV-1 antigens after 1 year of highly active antiretroviral treatment in early HIV-1 disease.Lancet.352:1194–1195.
Carcelain, G., R. Tubiana, T.S. Li, V. Calvez, N. Jouy, M. Jouan, M.A. Valantin, C. Olivier, P.M. Girard, P. Debré, C. Katlama, and B. Autran. 1999. Long-Term recovery in CD4+ T cell function with highly efficient antiretroviral therapy.6 th Conference on Retrovirus and Oppotunistic Infections .Chicago, USA.
Rosenberg, E.S, J.M. Billingsley, A.M. Caliendo, S.L. Boswell, P.E. Sax, S.A. Kalams, and B.D. Walker. 1997. Vigorous HIV-1 specific CD4+ T cell responses associated with control of viremie.Science.278:1447.
Collier, A.C., R.W. Coombs, D.A. Schoenfeld, R.L. Bassett, J. Timpone, A. Baruch, J.M. Facey, C. Whitacre, V.J. McAuliffe, H.M. Friedman, T.C. Merigan, R.C. Reichman, C. Hooper, and L. Corey. 1996. Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection with saquinavir zidovudine and zalcitabine.N Engl JMed.334:1011–1017.
Katzenstein, D.A., S.M. Hammer, M.D. Hugues, et al. 1996. The relation of virologic and immunologic markers to clinical outcomes after nucleoside therapy in HIV-infected adults with 200 to 500 CD4 cells per cubic millimeter.N Engl J Med.335:1091–1098.
Hammer, S.M., K.E. Squires, M.D. Hughes, J.M. Grimes, L.M. Demeter, J.S. Currier, J.J. Eron, J.E. Feinberg, H.H. Balfour, L.R. Deyton, J.A. Chodakewitz, M.A. Fischl, and the ACTG 320 study team. 1997. A controlled trial of two nucleoside analogues plus indinavir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 cell counts of 200 per cubic millimeter or less.N Engl J Med.337(11):725–739.
Renaud, M., C. Katlama, A. Mallet, V. Calvez, G. Carcelain, R. Tubiana, M. Jouan, E. Caumes, H. Agut, F. Bricaire, P. Debre, and B. Autran. 1999. Determinants of paradoxical CD4 cell reconstitution after protease inhibitor containing antiretroviral regiment.AIDS.13:669–676.
Hellerstein, M., M.B. Hanley, D. Cesar, S. Siler, C. Papageorgopoulos, E. Wieder, D. Schmidt, R. Hoh, R. Neese, D. Macallan, S. Deeks, and J.M. McCune. 1999. Directly measured kinetics of circulating T lymphocytes in normal and HIV-1 infected humans.Nat Med.5:83–89.
Fleury, S., G.P. Rizzardi, A. Chapuis, G. Tambussi, C. Knabenhans, E. Simeoni, J. MeuwlyJ.Corpataux, A. Lazzarin, F. Miedema, and G. Pantaleo. 2000. Long-term kinetics of T cell production in HIV-infected subjects treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.97:5393–5398.
Mackall, C.L., L. Granger, M.A. Sheard, R. Cepeda, and R.E. Gress. 1993. T-cell regeneration after bone marrow transplantation: differential CD45 isoform expression on thymic-derived versus thymic-independent progeny.Blood.82:2585–2894.
Douek, D.C., R.D. McFarlard, P.H. Keiser, E.A. Gage, J.M. Massey, B.F. Haynes, M.A. Polis, A.T. Haase, M.B. Feinberg, J.L. Sullivan, B.D. Jamieson, J.A. Zack, L.J. Picker, and R.A. Koup. 1998. Changes in thymic function with age and during the treatment of HIV infection.Nature.396:690–695.
Gorochov G., Neumann A., Parizot C., Li T.S., Katlama C., Debre P. Down regulation of CD8+ T cell expansions in HIV patients receiving highly active combinaison therapy..Blood.Sous presse 2001.
Hadley A.D., D.J. Dockrell, A. Algeciras; S. Ziesmer, A. Landay, M.M. Lederman, E. Connick, D. Kuritzkes, D.J. Lynch, P. Roche, H. Yagita, and C.V. Paya. 1998. In vivo analysis of Fas/Fas-L interactions in HIV-infected patients.J Clin. Invest.102:79–87.
Bucy, R.P., R.D. Hockett, C.A. Derdeyn, M.S. Saag, K. Squires, M. Sillers, R.T. Mitsuyasu, and J.M. Kilby. 1999. Initial increase in blood CD4+ lymphocytes after HIV retroviral therapy reflects redistribution form lymphoid tissus.J. Clin. Invest.103:13911398.
Rinaldo, C.R., J.M. Liebman, X.L. Huang, Z. Fan, A.L. Shboul, D.K. McMahon DKet al.1999. Prolonged suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viremia in persons with advanced disease results in enhancement of CD4 T cell reactivity to microbial antigens but not to HIV-1 antigens.J Infect Dis.179:329–336.
Pontselli, O., S. Kerkhof-Garde, D.W. Notermans, N.A. Foudraine, M.T. Roos, M.R. Kleinet al.1999. Functional T cell reconstitution and human immunodeficiency virus-lspecific cell-mediated immunity during highly active antiretroviral therapy.J Infect Dis.180:76–86.
De Jong, M.D., R.J. De Boeer, and F. De Wolf. 1997. Overshoot of HIV-1 viraemia after early discontinuation of antiretroviral treatment.AIDS.11:F79–F84.
Neumann, A.U., R. Tubiana, V. Calvez, C. Robert, T.S. Li, H. Agut, B. Autran, C. Katlama and the Comet study group. 1999. HIV-1 rebound during interruption of HAART has no deleterious effect on reinitiated treatment.AIDS.13:677–683.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Autran, B., Carcelain, G., Debre, P. (2001). Immune reconstitution after highly active antiretroviral treatment of HIV infection. In: Mackiewicz, A., Kurpisz, M., Żeromski, J. (eds) Progress in Basic and Clinical Immunology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 495. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0685-0_28
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0685-0_28
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5194-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0685-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive