Skip to main content

Learning in Adulthood

  • Chapter
  • 755 Accesses

Part of the book series: The Springer Series in Adult Development and Aging ((SSAD))

Abstract

In recent years, a number of theories and frameworks have emerged that try to address both the potentials and limitations of effective cognitive and social functioning during the adult years (e.g., Baltes & Staudinger, 2000; Baltes, Staudinger, & Lindenberger, 1999; Hoyer & Rybash, 1994; Lemme, 1999; Rowe & Kahn, 1997; Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000; Staudinger & Pasupathi, 2000; Wapner & Demick, this volume). Such frameworks have aided the articulation of the characteristics of adult development by integrating observations that would otherwise have been disconnected pieces of a puzzle and less meaningful. In the study of adult cognitive development, for example, much of the available data and theory address the description and explanation of age-related cognitive decline. However, everyday observations and the results from some studies suggest that there are improvements or stability as well as declines in cognitive function during the adult years. The aim of the present chapter is to describe what is known about the potentials as well as limits of learning during the adult years.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Arenberg, D., & Robertson-Tchabo, E. A. (1977). Learning and aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 421–449). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, P. B. (1987). Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline. Developmental Psychology, 23, 611–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, P. B. (1997). On the incomplete architecture of human ontogeny. American Psychologist, 52, 366–380.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, P. B., & Kliegl, R. (1992). Further testing of limits of cognitive plasticity: Negative age differences in a mnemonic skill are robust. Developmental Psychology, 28, 121–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, P. B., & Staudinger, U. M. (2000). Wisdom: a metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist, 55, 122–135.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, P. B, Staudinger, U. M., & Lindenberger, U. (1999). Lifespan psychology. Theory and application to intellectual functioning. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 471–507.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U., & Ceci, S. J. (1994). Nature-nurture reconceptualized in developmental perspective: A bioecological model. Psychological Review, 101, 568–586.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cerella, J. (1990). Aging and information-processing rate. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging, 3rd edit. (pp. 201–221). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerella, J. (1991). Age deficits may be global, not local: Comment on Fisk and Rogers (1991). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 120, 215–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charness, N. (1981). Aging and skilled problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110, 21–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charness, N., & Bosman, E. A. (1990). Expertise and aging: Life in the lab. In T. M. Hess (Ed.), Aging and cognition: Knowledge organization and utilization (pp. 343–385). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Charness, N., & Campbell, J. I. D. (1988). Acquiring skill at mental calculation in adulthood: A task decomposition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117,115–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charness, N., Krampe, R., & Mayr, U. M. (1996). The role of practice and coaching in entrepreneurial skill domains: An international comparison of life-span chess skill acquisition. In K. A. Ericsson (Ed.), The road to excellence (pp. 51–80). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherry, K. E., & Stadler, M. A. (1995). Implicit learning of a nonverbal sequence in younger and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 10, 379–394.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clancy, S. M., & Hoyer, W. J. (1994). Age and skill in visual search. Developmental Psychology, 30, 545–552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Czaja, S. J., & Sharit, J. (1993). Age differences in performance of computer-based work. Psychology and Aging, 8, 59–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czaja, S. J., & Sharit, J. (1998). Ability-performance relationships as a function of age and task experience for a data entry task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 4, 332–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Eredita, M. A., & Hoyer, W. J. (1999). An examination of the effects of adult age on explicit and implicit learning of figurai sequences. Memory & Cognition, 27, 890–895.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ericsson, K. A., & Kintsch, W. (1995). Long term working memory. Psychological Review, 102, 211–245.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, D. H. (1995). Learning and development in nonuniversal theory. Human Development, 38, 315–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferraro, F. R., Balota, D. A., & Connor, L. T. (1993). Implicit memory and the formation of new associations in non-demented Parkinson’s disease individuals and individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer’s type: A serial reaction time (SRT) investigation. Brain and Cognition, 21,163–180.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisk, A. D., Cooper, B. P., Hertzog, C., & Anderson-Garlach, M. (1995). Age-related retention of skilled memory search: Examination of associative learning, interference, and task-specific skills. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 50B, P150–P161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisk, A. D., Cooper, B. P., Hertzog, C., Anderson-Garlach, M., & Lee, M. D. (1995). Understanding performance and learning in consistent memory search: An age-related perspective. Psychology and Aging, 10, 255–268.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisk, A. D., & Rogers, W. A. (1991). Toward an understanding of age-related memory and visual search effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 120, 131–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flavell, J. H. (1970). Cognitive changes in adulthood. In L. R. Goulet & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology (pp. 247–253). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frensch, P. A. (1998). One concept, multiple meanings: On how to define the concept of implicit learning. In M. A. Stadler & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Implicit learning: Representation and process (pp. 47–104). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frensch, P. A., & Minor, C. S. (1994). Effects of presentation rate and individual differences in short-term memory capacity on an indirect measure of serial learning. Memory & Cognition, 22, 95–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gabrieli, J. (1994). Contributions of the basal ganglia to skill learning and working memory in humans. In J. Houk, J. L. Davis, & D. G. Beiser (Eds.), Information processing in the basal ganglia (pp. 277–294). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gladis, M., & Braun, H. (1958). Age differences in transfer and retention as a function of intertask response similarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55, 25–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halford, G. (1995). Learning processes in cognitive development: A reassessment with some unexpected implications. Human Development, 38, 295–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, A. R., Bartlett, J. C., & Dowling, W. J. (1995). Aging and experience in the recognition of musical transpositions. Psychology and Aging, 10, 325–342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hambrick, D. Z., Salthouse, T. A., & Meinz, E. J. (1999). Predictors of crossword puzzle proficiency and moderators of age-cognition relations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128, 131–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, D. J., & Parasuraman, R. (1997). Cognition and flight performance in older pilots. Journal of xperimental Psychology: Applied, 3, 313–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, D. L., & Haaland, K. Y. (1992). Skill learning in the elderly. Diminished implicit and explicit memory for a motor sequence. Psychology and Aging, 7, 425–434.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hertzog, C., Cooper, B. P., & Fisk, A. D. (1996). Age and individual differences in the development of skilled memory search. Psychology and Aging, 11, 497–520.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hollingworth, H. L. (1927). Mental growth and decline. New York: Appleton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, D. V., & Howard, J. H., Jr. (1989). Age differences in learning serial patterns: Direct versus indirect measures. Psychology and Aging, 4, 357–364.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, D. V., & Howard, J. H., Jr. (1992). Adult age differences in the rate of learning serial patterns: Evidence from direct and indirect tests. Psychology and Aging, 7, 232–241.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, D. V., & Wiggs, C. L. (1993). Aging and learning: Insights from implicit and explicit tests. In J. Cerella, J. M. Rybash, W. J. Hoyer, & M. L. Commons (Eds.), Adult information processing: Limits on loss (pp. 511–527). San Diego: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, J. H., Jr., & Howard, D. V. (1997). Age differences in implicit learning of higher-order dependencies in serial patterns. Psychology and Aging, 12, 634–656.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyer, W. J. (1980). Information processing, knowledge acquisition, and learning. Human Development, 23, 389–399.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyer, W. J. (1985). Aging and the development of expert cognition. In T. M. Schlecter & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), New directions in cognitive science (pp. 69–87). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyer, W. J. (1986). On the growth of knowledge and the decentralization of g in adult intellectual development. In C. Schooler & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Cognitive functioning and social structures over the life course (pp. 120–141). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyer, W. J., Cerella, J., & Lincourt, A. E. (2000). A re-examination of the skill acquisition curve: Adult age differences. Unpublished manuscript, Syracuse University. Hoyer, W. J., & Ingolfsdottir, D. (in press). Age, skill, and contextual cueing in target detection. Psychology and Aging.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyer, W. J., & Lincourt, A. E. (1998). Aging and the development of learning. In M. A. Stadler & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Handbook of implicit learning (pp. 445–470). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyer, W. J., & Rybash, J. M. (1994). Characterizing adult cognitive development. Journal of Adult Development, 1, 7–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyer, W. J., & Rybash, J. M. (1996). Life-span theory. In J. E. Birren (Ed.), Encyclopedia of gerontology (pp. 65–71). San Diego: Academic press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulicka, I. M. (1966). Age differences in Wechsler Memory Scale scores. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 109, 134–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hultsch, D. F., & Dixon, R. A. (1990). Learning and memory in aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging, 3rd edit. (pp. 258–274). San Diego: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, W. (1890). Principles of psychology. New York: Dover.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, L., & Hoyer, W. J. (2000). Memory-based automaticity and aging: Acquisition, re-acquisition, and retention. Psychology and Aging, 15, 551–565.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, L., Myerson, J., Joerding, J. A., & Hale, S. (2000). Converging evidence that visual-spatial cognition is more age-sensitive than verbal cognition. Psychology and Aging, 15, 157–175.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, H. E., & Conrad, H. (1933). The growth and decline of intelligence: A study of a homogenous group between the ages of ten and sixty. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 13, 223–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1992). Beyond modularity: A developmental perspective on cognitive science. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kausler, D. H. (1994). Learning and memory in normal aging. San Diego: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kay, H. (1951). Learning of a serial task by different age groups. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 166–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kliegl, R., Smith, J., & Baltes, P. B. (1990). On the locus and process of magnification of age differences during mnemonic training. Developmental Psychology, 26, 894–904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knopman, D., & Nissen, M. J. (1987). Implicit learning in patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 37, 784–788.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knopman, D., & Nissen, M. J. (1991). Procedural learning is impaired in Huntington’s disease. Evidence from the serial reaction time task. Neuropsychologia, 29, 245–254.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knowlton, B. J., Ramus, S. J., & Squire, L. R. (1992). Intact artificial grammar learning in amnesia. Psychological Science, 3, 172–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, A. F., Larish, J. F., & Strayer, D. L. (1995). Training for attentional control in dual task settings: A comparison of young and old adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 1, 50–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krampe, R., & Ericsson, K. A. (1996). Maintaining excellence: Deliberate practice and elite performance in young and older pianists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 125, 331–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemme, B. H. (1999). Development in adulthood, 2nd edit. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, R. M. (1991). Changing organism-context relations as the basic process of development: A developmental contextual perspective. Developmental Psychology, 27, 27–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lincourt, A., Cerella, J., & Hoyer, W. J. (2000). Attention and learning in the development of instance-based learning: Adult age differences. Unpublished manuscript, Syracuse University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindenberger, U., & Baltes, P. B. (1995). Testing the limits and experimental simulation: Two methods to explicate the role of learning in development. Human Development, 38, 349–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Logan, G. D. (1988). Toward an instance theory of automatization. Psychological Review, 95, 492–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacKay, D., & Burke, D. (1990). Cognition and aging: A theory of new learning and the use of old connections. In T. Hess (Ed.), Aging and cognition: Knowledge organization and utilization (pp. 213–263). Amsterdam: North Holland.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Meinz, E. J. (2000). Experience based attenuation of age-related differences in music cognition tasks. Psychology and Aging, 15, 297–312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meinz, E. J., & Salthouse, T. A. (1998). The effects of age and experience on memory for visually presented music. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 53B, P60–P69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monge, R. H. (1971). Studies of verbal learning from the college years through middle age. Journal of Gerontology, 26, 324–329.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, D. G., Leirer, Von O., Altieri, P., & Fitzsimmons, C. (1994). When expertise reduces age differences in performance. Psychology and Aging, 9, 134–148.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mutter, S. A., Howard, J. H., & Howard, D. V. (1994). Serial pattern learning after head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16, 271–288.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mutter, S. A., Howard, D. V., Howard, J. H., & Wiggs, C. L. (1990). Performance on direct and indirect tests of memory after mild closed-head injury. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 7, 329–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mutter, S. A., & Pliske, R. M. (1996). Judging event covariation: Effects of age and memory demand. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 51B, P70–P80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myerson, J., & Hale, S. (1993). General slowing and age invariance in cognitive processing: The other side of the coin. In J. Cerella, J. M. Rybash, W. J. Hoyer, & M. L. Commons (Eds.), Adult information processing: Limits on loss (pp. 115–141). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myerson, J., Hale, S., Rhee, S. H., & Jenkins, L. (1999). Selective interference with verbal and spatial working memory in young and older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 54B, P161–P164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newell, A., & Rosenbloom, P. S. (1981). Mechanisms of skill acquisition and the law of practice. In J. R. Anderson (Ed.), Cognitive skills and their acquisition (pp. 1–56). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nissen, M. J., & Bullemer, P. (1987). Attentional requirements of learning: Evidence from performance measures. Cognitive Psychology, 19, 1–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nissen, M. J., Knopman, D. S., & Schacter, D. L. (1987). Neurochemical dissociation of memory systems. Neurology, 37, 789.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pascual-Leone, J. (1995). Learning and development as dialectical factors in cognitive growth. Human Development, 38, 338–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pascual-Leone, J., Grafman, J., & Hallatt, M. (1994). Modulation of cortical motor output maps during development of implicit and explicit knowledge. Science, 263, 1287–1289.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perruchet, P. (1994). Learning from complex rule-governed environments: On the proper functions of nonconscious and conscious processes. In C. Umilta & M. Moscovitch (Eds.), Attention and performance XV (pp. 811–836). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plude, D. J., Kaye, D. B., Hoyer, W. J., Post, T. A., Saynisch, M. J., & Hahn, M. V. (1983). Aging and visual search under consistent and varied mapping. Developmental Psychology, 19, 508–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmusson, D., Rebok, G. W., Bylsma, F. W., & Brandt, J. (1999). Effects of three types of memory training in normal elderly. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 6, 56–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raz, N. (2000). Aging of the brain and its impact on cognitive performance: Integration of structural and functional findings. In F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition, 2nd edit. (pp. 1–90). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reber, A. S. (1993). Implicit learning and tacit knowledge. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rickard, T. C. (1997). Bending the power law: A CMPL theory of strategy shifts and the automatization of cognitive skills. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 126, 288–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, W. A., & Gilbert, D. K. (1997). Do performance strategies mediate age-related differences in associative learning? Psychology and Aging, 12, 620–633.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, W. A., Hertzog, C., & Fisk, A. D. (2000). An individual differences analysis of ability and strategy influences: Age-related differences in associative learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 359–394.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1997). Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 37, 433–440.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruch, F. L. (1934). The differentiateve effects of age upon human learning. Journal of General Psychology, 11, 261–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rybash, J. M. (1996). Implicit memory and aging: A cognitive neuropsychological perspective. Developmental Neuropsychology, 12, 127–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salthouse, T. A. (1984). Effects of age and skill in typing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 345–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salthouse, T. A. (1994). Aging associations: Influence of speed on adult age differences in associative learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 1486–1503.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103, 403–428.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salthouse, T. A. (2002). Interrelations of aging, knowledge, and cognitive performance. In U. M. Staudinger & U. Lindenberger (Eds.), Understanding human development: Life-span psychology in exchange with other disciplines. New York: Kluwer Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salthouse, T. A., & Coon, V. E. (1994). Interpretation of differential deficits: The case of aging and mental arithmetic. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 1172–1182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salthouse, T. A., Hambrick, D. Z., Lukas, K. E., & Dell, T. C. (1996). Determinants of adult age differences on synthetic work performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 2, 305–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salthouse, T. A., & Mitchell, D. R. D. (1990). Effect of age and naturally occurring experience on spatial visualization performance. Developmental Psychology, 26, 845–854.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimamura, A. P., Berry, J. M., Mangels, J. A., Rusting, C. L., & Jurica, P. J. (1995). Memory and cognitive abilities in university professors: Evidence for successful aging. Psychological Science, 6, 271–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. D. (1975). Partial learning and recognition memory in the aged. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 6, 359–365.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Squire, L. R., Knowlton, B., & Musen, G. (1993). The structure and organization of memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 453–495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staudinger, U. M., & Pasupathi, M. (2000). Life-span perspectives on self, personality, and social cognition. In F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition, 2nd edit. (pp. 633–688). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strayer, D. L., & Kramer, A. F. (1994). Aging and skill acquisition: Learning-performance distinctions. Psychology and Aging, 9, 589–605.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Talland, G. A. (1965). Initiation of response, and reaction time in aging, and with brain damage. In A. T. Welford & J. E. Birren (Eds.), Behavior, aging, and the nervous system (pp. 526–561). Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomdike, E. L., Bregman, E. O., Tilton, J. W., & Woodyard, E. (1928). Adult learning. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Touron, D. R., Hoyer, W. J., & Cerella, J. (2001). Cognitive skill acquisition and transfer in younger and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 16, 555–563.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verhaeghen, P., Kliegl, R., & Mayr, U. (1997). Sequential and coordinative complexity in time-accuracy functions for mental arithmetic. Psychology and Aging, 12, 555–564.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verhaeghen, P., & Marcoen, A. (1996). On the mechanisms of plasticity in young and older adults after instruction in the method of loci: Evidence for an amplification model. Psychology and Aging, 11, 164–178.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verhaeghen, P., Marcoen, A., & Goossens, L. (1992). Improving memory performance in the aged through mnemonic training: A meta-analytic study. Psychology and Aging, 7, 242–251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verhaeghen, P., Marcoen, A., & Goossens, L. (1993). Fact and fiction about memory aging: A quantitative integration of research findings. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 48, P157–P171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willoughby, R. R. (1927). Family similarities in mental test abilities (with a note on the growth and decline of these abilities). Genetic Psychological Monographs, 2, 235–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zacks, R. T., Hasher, L., & Li, K. Z. H. (2000). Human memory. In F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition (pp. 293–358). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, Y., Myerson, J., & Hale, S. (2000). Age and individual differences in visuospatial processing speed: Testing the magnification hypothesis. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 7, 113–120.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hoyer, W.J., Touron, D.R. (2002). Learning in Adulthood. In: Demick, J., Andreoletti, C. (eds) Handbook of Adult Development. The Springer Series in Adult Development and Aging. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0617-1_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0617-1_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5160-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0617-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics