Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Physiology of the Exocrine Pancreas

  • Chapter
History of the Pancreas: Mysteries of a Hidden Organ

  • 273 Accesses

Abstract

Johann Conrad Brunner (1653–1727) (Figure 2.1), whom history would record as the first to resect a pancreas, was born in Diessenhofen, a small rural town in the Swiss canton of Thurgovia, on January 13, 1653, 11 years after Wirsüng’s discovery, and nine years after the birth of de Graaf. Like so many of the pancreatic pioneers, he studied medicine in Strasbourg, from 1669 to 1672, subsequently making extensive travels to the medical centers in Paris, London, Oxford, Amsterdam, and Leiden, before returning to Strasbourg where he graduated in 1675, aged 22.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. J. C. Brunner, 1683. Experimenta nova circa pancreas, accedit diatriba de lympha et genuino pancreatis usu [New experiments on the pancreas followed by a discussion on the lymph and the actual function of the pancreas]. Amsterdam: Wettstein.

    Google Scholar 

  2. J. C. Brunner, 1689. De Experimentis circa Pancreas novis confirmatis. Miscellanea curiosa sive Ephemeridium medico-physicarum German. Acad. Imp. Leopold. Natur. Curios. Dec II, Annus VI, 1688 [On the newly confirmed experiments on the pancreas. Two hundred medico-physical diaries of the German Imperial Leopoldinian Academy of natural history. Year VI]. Nuremberg: Wolfgangus Mauritius Endtner.

    Google Scholar 

  3. O. C. Zimmerman, 1945. Die erste Beschreibung von Symptomen des experimentellen Pankreas-Diabetes [The first description of symptoms of experimental pancreatic diabetes], Gesnerus 2:109.

    Google Scholar 

  4. R. H. Major, 1931. Johann Conrad Brunner and his experiments on the pancreas, Ann. Med. Hist. 3:298.

    Google Scholar 

  5. A. von Haller, 1757–1766. Elementa physiologiae corporis humani [Elements of the physiology of the human body], Volume VI, lib. XXII, §9. Lausanne/Berne.

    Google Scholar 

  6. J. F. Blumenbach, 1787. Institutiones physiologicae [Teachings in physiology]. Padua.

    Google Scholar 

  7. The Scientific Revolution, Westfall Catalogue,Scientific Community, Dr. Robert A. Hatch, University of Florida, “Johann-Jakob Wepfer” (August 2, 1999) http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/SAM-V-Z.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Mannheimer Geschichtsblätter 1993. [Mannheim historical papers], 34:125–126.

    Google Scholar 

  9. G. H. Behr, 1730. De pancreate ejusque liquore [On the pancreas and its juice]. Strasbourg.

    Google Scholar 

  10. A. von Haller, 1747. Primae lineae physiologiae [Introduction to physiology]. Göttingen, p. 382.

    Google Scholar 

  11. S. Bordeu, 1751. Recherches anatomiques sur la position des glandes et sur leur action [Anatomical studies on the site of the glands and on their function]. Paris, p. 205.

    Google Scholar 

  12. S. T. Sömmering, 1796. Von Baue des menschlichen Körpers. Fünften Theils, zweite Abteilung. Eingeweidelehre [On the frame of the human body. Part 5, section 2, Viscera]. Frankfurt a.M.: Varrentrapp and Wenner.

    Google Scholar 

  13. L. M. A. Caldini, 1786. Institutiones anatomicae [Teachings in anatomy]. Venice.

    Google Scholar 

  14. J. J. Plenck, 1794. Hydrologia corporis humani sive doctrina chemico-physiologica de humoribus in corpore humano contentis [The fluids of the human body or the chemico-physiologic doctrine of the fluids existing in the human body]. Vienna.

    Google Scholar 

  15. J. Bohn, 1686. 1710. De Chylificatione [On the formation of chyle], in: Dissertationes chymicophysicae [Chemical and physical dissertations] (J. Bohn). Leipzig: Thomas Fritsch Publisher.

    Google Scholar 

  16. A. J. G. Marcel, 1815. Some experiments on the chemical nature of chyle with a few observations on chyme, Med. Surg. Trans. London 6:619–631.

    Google Scholar 

  17. T. Schwann, 1830. Ueber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur und im Wachstum der Tiere und Pflanzen (On the conformity in the structure and in growth of animals and plants]. Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  18. R. Virchow, 1858. Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische gewebelehre [Cellular pathology], 1st ed. Berlin: Hirschwald.

    Google Scholar 

  19. L. Gmelin, 1827–1828. Handbuch der theoretischen Chemie [Handbook of theoretical chemistry]. Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  20. J. J. Berzelius, 1830. Tierchemie [Chemistry of animals (biochemistry)], in: Lehrbuch der Chemie [Textbook of chemistry], Volume 2. Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  21. J. von Liebig, 1842. Die organische Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Physiologie und Pathologie [Organic chemistry as applied to physiology and pathology]. Giessen.

    Google Scholar 

  22. F. Tiedemann, and L. Gmelin, 1827. Verdauung nach Versuchen [Experimental studies of digestion]. Heidelberg: Groos.

    Google Scholar 

  23. F. Leuret, and J. L. Lassaigne, 1825. Recherches physiologiques et chemiques pour servir à l’histoire de la digestion [Physiologic and chemical investigations serving for the history of digestion]. Paris: Huzard.

    Google Scholar 

  24. J. J. Bigsby, 1835. Observations, pathological and therapeutic on diseases of the pancreas, Edinb. Med. Surg. J 44:85–102.

    Google Scholar 

  25. J. N. Eberle, 1834. Physiologie der Verdauung nach Versuchen auf natürlichem und künstlichen Wege [Physiology of digestion according to natural and artificial experiments]. Würzburg: Ettinger.

    Google Scholar 

  26. J. E. Purkinje, and S. Pappenheim, 1838. Vorläufige Mitteilung aus einer Untersuchung über künstliche Verdauungsdrüsen [Preliminary communication from an examination on experimental digestive glands], Arch. Anat. Phys. wissensch. Med. 1:14.

    Google Scholar 

  27. A. Bouchardat, and M. Sandras, 1845. Des fonctions du pancréas et son influence dans la digestion des féculents [On the functions of the pancreas and its influence on the digestion of food], C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 20:956, 1055.

    Google Scholar 

  28. G. G. Valentin, 1847. Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen [Textbook of Physiology of Man], Volume 1, 2nd ed. Braunschweig: Viewege, p. 356.

    Google Scholar 

  29. C. Bernard, 1843. Le suc gastrique et son role dans la nutrition [Gastric juice and its role in digestion]. Paris: Rignoux.

    Google Scholar 

  30. M. Foster, 1899. Claude Bernard. London: T. Fisher Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  31. F. Magendie, 1817. Précis élémentaire de physiologie [Elementary treatise on physiology]. Paris: Méquignon-Marvis.

    Google Scholar 

  32. C. Bernard, 1849. Du suc pancréatique et de son rôle dans the phénomènes de la digestion [Pancreatic juice and its role in the phenomena of digestion], Mém. Soc. Biol 1:99.

    Google Scholar 

  33. C. Bernard, 1848. Sur les usages du suc pancréatique [On the function of pancreatic juice], Bull. Soc. Philom.,pp. 34–36.

    Google Scholar 

  34. C. Bernard, 1849. Recherches sur les usages du suc pancréatique dans la digestion [Research on the function of pancreatic juice in digestion], C. R. hébd. Soc. Biol. 28:249–253.

    Google Scholar 

  35. C. Bernard, 1856. Mémoire sur le pancréas et sur le rôle du suc pancréatique dans les phénomènes digestifs, particulièrement dans la digestion des matières grasses neutres [Memoir on the pancreas and the role of pancreatic juice in digestive phenomena, in particular in the digestion of neutral fats]. Paris: Baillère, English translation, Henderson, J. (trans.). 1985. Memoir on the Pancreas. London/New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  36. C. Bernard, 1845. Recherches exéprimentales sur les phénomènes chimiques de la digestion [Experimental investigations on the chemical phenomena of digestion], C. R. hébd. Acad. Sci. 21:88–89.

    Google Scholar 

  37. C. Bernard 1849. De l’assimilation du sucre de canne [On the assimilation of sugar-cane], C. R. hébd Soc. Biol. 1:114–115

    Google Scholar 

  38. C. Bernard 1849. Remarques d’anatomie comparée sur le pancréas [Remarks on comparing the anatomy of the pancreas], C. R. hébd Soc. Biol. 1:117–119

    Google Scholar 

  39. C. Bernard 1849. De l’écoulement du suc pancréatique et de la bile [On the flow of pancreatic juice and bile], C. R. hébd Soc. Biol. 1:171.

    Google Scholar 

  40. C. Bernard 1849. Destruction du pancréas pendant la vie chez le chien [On destruction of the pancreas in the living dog], C. R. hébd Soc. Biol. 1:204.

    Google Scholar 

  41. C. Bernard 1852. Pancreatic secretion, Charleston Med. J. Rev. 7:49–56.

    Google Scholar 

  42. C. Bernard 1854. Sur la destruction des glandes au moyen d’injections de matières grasses [On the destruction of glands by injection of fatty materials], C. R. hébd Soc. Biol. 5:115–116.

    Google Scholar 

  43. C. Bernard Influence de l’alcool et de l’éther sur les sécrétions du tube digestif [Influence of alcohol and ether on the secretion of the digestive tract], C. R. hébd Soc. Biol 3:30–32.

    Google Scholar 

  44. C. Bernard, 1850. Sur une nouvelle fonction du foie chez l’homme et les animaux [On a new function of the liver in man and animals], C. R. hébd. Acad. Sci. 31:571–574.

    Google Scholar 

  45. C. A. V. Hensen, 1857. Ueber die Zuckerbildung in der Leber [On the formation of sugar within the liver], Verh. phys.-med. Gesellsch. Würzburg 7:219.

    Google Scholar 

  46. M. D. Germek, 1967. Catalogue des manuscripts de Claude Bernard. Paris: Masson.

    Google Scholar 

  47. C. Bernard, 1861. Introduction à l’étude de la médicine expérimentale [Introduction into experimental medicine]. Paris: Baillère.

    Google Scholar 

  48. D. Guthrie, 1944. A History of Medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott, pp. 79–81.

    Google Scholar 

  49. L. Corvisart, 1857. Collection de mémoires sur une fonction peu connue du pancréas [Collection of memoirs on a little known function of the pancreas]. Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  50. C. Bernard, 1855. Leçons de physiologie experimentale [Lessons in experimental physiology], Cours 2:178.

    Google Scholar 

  51. C. Bernard, 1849. Sur le rôle du suc pancréatique dans la digestion [On the role of the pancreatic juice in digestion], C. R. hébd. Soc. Biof Paris 28:248–253.

    Google Scholar 

  52. A. Danilevsky, 1862. Ueber spezifisch wirkende Körper des natürlichen und künstlichen pankreatischen Saftes [On specifically acting substances of the genuine and artificially obtained pancreatic juice], Arch. Path. Anat. 25:279.

    Google Scholar 

  53. W. Kühne, 1867. Ueber die Verdauung der Eiweisstoffe durch den Pankreassaft [On the digestion of proteins by the pancreatic juice], Arch. Path. Anat. 39:130–174.

    Google Scholar 

  54. A. Castiglioni, 1927; E. B. Krumbhaer (trans.), 1941. A History of Medicine. New York: Knopf, p. 786.

    Google Scholar 

  55. F. P. H. Heidenhain, 1875. Beobachtungen über die Bauchspeicheldrüse [Observations on the pancreas], Berl. klin. Wschr. 12:198.

    Google Scholar 

  56. I. P. Pavlov, 1897. Lektsii o rabote glavnykh pishchevaritel’nykh zhelez [The work of the digestive glands]. St. Petersburg: Piroda; English translation: Thompson, W. H. (trans.). 1902. London: Charles Griffin.

    Google Scholar 

  57. E. A. Asratyan, 1949. [I. P. Pavlov. His Life and Work]. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House; English translation: Academy of Sciences of USSR. 1953. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House.

    Google Scholar 

  58. . Encyclopedia Britannica Online, “Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich” (accessed June 16, 1999); http://www.eb.corn

    Google Scholar 

  59. I. P. Pavlov, 1879. [Methods for the installation of a pancreatic fistula], Trans. St. Petersburg Soc. Nat. Sci. (Russ.) 57:21.

    Google Scholar 

  60. I. P. Pavlov, 1888. Die Innervation des Pankreas [The innervation of the pancreas], Klin. Wochenzeitung. 32:667–675; reprinted 1894, Arch. Anat Physiol. 83:116.

    Google Scholar 

  61. A. A. Walther, 1896. [The activity of the pancreas on meat, bread, milk, and after pouring in of acid], Trans. St. Petersburg Soc. Nat. Sci. (Russ.) 64:30.

    Google Scholar 

  62. W. N. Wassiliew, 1893. [On the influence of various foodstuffs on the activity of the pancreas], Arch. biol. Wiss. 2:218–243.

    Google Scholar 

  63. I. L. Dolinski, 1894. [On the influence of acids on the pancreatic secretion], Arch. biol. Wiss. 3:395–421.

    Google Scholar 

  64. P. D. Kuwschinski, 1888. [On the influence of some foodstuffs and drugs on the pancreatic secretion]. St. Petersburg (thesis).

    Google Scholar 

  65. W. W. Kudrewezki, 1894. [Contributions to the physiology of the pancreas], Arch. Anat. Physiol. 137:83–116.

    Google Scholar 

  66. S. G. Mett, 1894. [On the innervation of the pancreas], Arch. Anat Physiol. 137:58–82.

    Google Scholar 

  67. C. Popielski, (L. B.). 1896. Ueber sekretorische Hemmungsnerven des Pankreas [On secretory inhibiting nerves of the pancreas], Zbl. Physiol. 10:405.

    Google Scholar 

  68. N. P. Shepovalnikov, 1901. [The physiology of the pancreatic juice], Trans. Soc. Russ. Phys. St. Petersburg 68:490–506.

    Google Scholar 

  69. B. P. Babkin, 1906. Einige Grundeigenschaften der Fermente des Pankreassaftes [Some fundamental properties of the enzymes in the pancreatic juice], Zbl. ges. Physiol. u. Pathol. d. Stoffw. N.F. 4:97–108.

    Google Scholar 

  70. B. P. Babkin, 1903. [The latent form of lipase], Trans. Soc. Russ. Phys. St. Petersburg 71:87–94.

    Google Scholar 

  71. R. P. H. Heidenhain, 1875. Eine permanent funktionierende Pankreasfistel [A permanently functioning pancreatic fistula], Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 10:557–632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. B. P. Babkin, 1950. Secretion, in: Secretory Mechanism of the Digestive Glands (B. P. Babkin), 2nd ed. New York: Paul B. Hoebar, Inc., pp. 563–566, cited in: P. J. Fitzgerald. 1980. Medical anecdotes concerning some diseases of the pancreas, in: The Pancreas (P. J. Fitzgerald and A. B. Morrison, eds.). Baltimore/London: Williams and Williams

    Google Scholar 

  73. E. Wertheimer, and M. Lepage, 1901. Sur les fonctions réflexes des ganglions abdominaux du sympathique dans l’innervation sécrétoire du pancréas [On the reflex functions of the abdominal sympathetic ganglia in the secretory innervation of the pancreas], J. Physiol. Pathol. gén. (Paris) 3:335.

    Google Scholar 

  74. C. Popielski, 1901. Ueber das periphere sekretorische Nervenzentrum des Pankreas [On the peripheral secretory nerve center of the pancreas], Arch. ges. Physiol. 86:215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. E. A. Sharpey-Schafer, 1916. The Endocrine Organs: An Introduction to the Study of Internal Secretion. London/New York: Longmans, Green and Co. (based on the Lane Medical Lectures given in 1913).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  76. W. M. Bayliss, and E. H. Starling, 1902. The mechanism of pancreatic secretion, J. Physiol. 28:325-353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. R. M. Zollinger, and D. W. Coleman, 1974. The Influences of Pancreatic Tumors on the Stomach. Springfield IL: Charles C. Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  78. E. H. Starling, 1905. The chemical control of the functions of the body, Lancet 2:339.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. J. S. Edkins, 1906. The chemical mechanism of gastric secretion, J. Physiol. (London) 34:133.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine (personal correspondence).

    Google Scholar 

  81. B. P. Babkin, 1949. Pavlov, A Biography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  82. J. D. Gardner, G. W. Peskin, J. J. Cerda, and F. P. Brooks, 1967. Alteration of in vitro fluid and electrolyte absorption by gastrointestinal hormones, Am. J. Surg. 113:57–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. R. M. Zollinger, R. K. Tompkins, J. R. Amerson, G. L. Endahl, A. R. Kraft, and F. F. Moore, 1968. Identification of the diarrheogenic hormone associated with non-beta islet cell tumors of the pancreas, Ann. Surg. 168:502–521.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. M. G. Schmidt, K. H. Soegel, G. T. Hensley, and W. T. Chey, 1975. Watery diarrhea associated with pancreatic islet carcinoma, Gastroenterology 69:200.

    Google Scholar 

  85. A. C. Ivy, and E. Oldberg, 1928. A hormone mechanism for gallbladder contraction and evacuation, Am. J Physiol. 241:G98–G103.

    Google Scholar 

  86. A. A. Harper, and H. S. Raper, 1943. Pancreozymin, a stimulant of the secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the extracts of the small intestine, J. Physiol. (London) 102:115–125.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. J. E. Jorpes, 1968. The isolation and chemistry of secretin and cholecystokinin Gastroenterology 55:157–164.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. T. Wasson, 1987. Nobel Prize Winners. New York: Wilson.

    Google Scholar 

  89. G. E. Palade, 1975. Intracellular aspects of the process of protein synthesis, Science 189:347-358.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. G. A. Scheele, and G. E. Palade, 1975. Studies on the guinea pig pancreas: Parallel discharge of exocrine enzyme activitites, J. Biol. Chem. 250:2660–2670.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. G. A. Scheele, 1975. Two-dimensional gel analysis of soluble proteins; characterization of guinea pig exocrine pancreatic proteins, J. Biol Chem. 250:5375–5385.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. H. Rinderknecht, 1986. Pancreatic secretory enzymes, in: The Exocrine Pancreas (V. L. N. Go, J. D. Gardner, F. P. Brooks, E. Leventhal, E. P. DiMagno, and G. A. Scheele, eds.). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  93. A. De Caro, C. Figarella, J. Amic, R. Michel, and O. Guy, 1975. Human pancreatic lipase, a glycoprotein, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 397:431–441.

    Google Scholar 

  94. B. Sternby, and B. Borgström, 1979. Purification and characterization of human pancreatic colipase, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 572:235–243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. D. Stiefel, and P. Keller, 1973. Preparation and some properties of human pancreatic amylase including a comparison with human parotid amylase, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 302:345–361.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. A. L. Warshaw, and L. H. Lee, 1980. Aging changes of pancreatic isoamylases and the appearance of `old amylase“ in the serum of patients with pancreatic pseudocysts, Gastroenterology 79:1246–1251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. W. W. Douglas, 1968. Stimulus-secretion coupling: The concept and clues from chromaffin and other cells, Br. J. Pharmacol. 34:453–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. J. D. Gardner, and R. T. Jensen, 1986. Receptors mediating the actions of secretogogues on pancreatic acinar cells, in: The Exocrine Pancreas (V. L. N. Go, J. D. Gardner, F. P. Brooks, E. Leventhal, E. P. DiMagno, and G. A. Scheele, eds.). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  99. O. H. Petersen, 1975. Proceedings: Electrical coupling between pancreatic acinar cells, J Physiol. 250:P2–P4.

    Google Scholar 

  100. O. H. Petersen, 1980. Electrophysiology of Gland Cells. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  101. R. K. S. Lim, S. M. Ling, A. C. Lin, and I. C. Yuan, 1936. Qualitative relationship between the basic and other compounds of pancreatic secretion, Clin. J. Physiol. 40:475–492.

    Google Scholar 

  102. F. Hollander, and D. Birnbaum, 1952. The role of carbonic anhydrase in pancreatic secretion, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 15:56–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. G. Scheele, 1986. Cellular processing of proteins in the exocrine pancreas, in: The Exocrine Pancreas (V. L. N. Go, J. D. Gardner, F. P. Brooks, E. Leventhal, E. P. DiMagno, and G. A. Scheele, eds.). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  104. C. Bernard, 1985. Memoir on the Pancreas (J. Henderson, trans.). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  105. C. Brunner, and W. von Muralt, 1919. Aus den Briefen hervorragender Schweizer Ärzte des 17 Jahrhunderts. Basel: Benno Schwabe.

    Google Scholar 

  106. W. Pagel (ed.), 1930. Lexikon hervorragender Ärzte, 6 volumes. Berlin-Wien: Urban and Schwarzenberg.

    Google Scholar 

  107. E. Holländer, 1953. Anekdoten aus der medizinischen weltgeschichte. Stuttgart: Enke.

    Google Scholar 

  108. H. Schott, 1993. Chronik der Medizin. Dortmund: Harenberg.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Emeritus Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio, USA

    John M. Howard M.D., FACS (Professor of Surgery)

  2. University of Basel, Switzerland

    Walter Hess M.D., FCS (Extraordinary Professor of Surgery)

Authors
  1. John M. Howard M.D., FACS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Walter Hess M.D., FCS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Howard, J.M., Hess, W. (2002). Physiology of the Exocrine Pancreas. In: History of the Pancreas: Mysteries of a Hidden Organ. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0555-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0555-6_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5130-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0555-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation