Abstract
No part of Florida is far from water. With more than 8500 miles of coastline including rivers, streams, and lakes, the peninsula contains as many, if not more, archaeological sites that are wet as are dry. Many represent terrestrial sites gradually inundated by sea levels that began to rise with the melting of glaciers at the end of the last Ice Age. Others are human deposits that were found at the land-water interface—a key location for subsistence, transportation, commerce, and recreation. Florida’s submerged archaeological resources span thousands of years and reflect many different cultures and activities.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Babits, Lawrence, 1994, The Maple Leaf Shipwreck. Archaeology 47(5):48–50.
Baumer, David R., 1990, Bethune Blackwater Schooner Report. Florida Archaeological Reports 21. Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee.
Bense, Judith A., 1988, Deadman’s Shipwreck, Gulf Breeze; Florida. Preliminary Investigation and Evaluation. Reports of Investigations No. 18, Institute of West Florida, University of West Florida, Pensacola.
Bratten, John R., 1995, Olive Pits, Rat Bones, and Leather Shoe Soles: A Preliminary Report on the Organic Remains from the Emanuel Point Shipwreck, Pensacola, Florida. In Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, edited by Robyn Woodward, pp. 49–53. Washington, D.C.
Bratten, John R., 1998, Recent Finds from the Emanuel Point Ship. In Underwater Archaeology, edited by Lawrence Babits, Catherine Fach, and Ryan Harris, pp. 38–44. Society for Historical Archaeology, Tucson.
Bratten, John R., Burns, Jason M., Hunter III, James W., and Cozzi J., 1999, Underwater investigations 1998. Reports of Investigations #70, Archaeology Institute, University of West Florida, Pensacola.
Burns, Jason Mac, 1999, The Life and Times of a Merchant Sailor: History and Archaeology of the Norwegian Ship Catherine. M.A. thesis, Department of History, University of West Florida, Pensacola.
Cantelas, Frank J., 1992, Maple Leaf: Future Management and Past Field Investigations. Report prepared for St. Johns Archaeological Expeditions, Inc., by the Program in Maritime History and Nautical Archaeology, East Carolina University, Greenville.
Cantelas, Frank J., 1993, The 1992 Maple Leaf Field Investigation. Report prepared for St. Johns Archaeological Expeditions, Inc., by the Program in Maritime History and Nautical Archaeology, East Carolina University, Greenville.
Cantelas, Frank J., 1994, Maple Leaf: The 1993 Field Investigations. Report prepared for St. Johns Archaeological Expeditions, Inc., by the Program in Maritime History and Nautical Archaeology, East Carolina University, Greenville.
Cantelas Frank J., 1995, An Archaeological Investigation of the Steamboat Maple Leaf. M.A. thesis, Department of History, East Carolina University, Greenville.
Cantelas, Frank J. and Rodgers, Bradley A., 1994, The Maple Leaf: A Case Study in Cost-effective Zero-Visibility Riverine Archaeology. Internatioanl Journal of Nauthical Archaeology 23(4): 271–282.
Clausen, C.J., Cohen A.D., Emiliania, C, Holman, J.A., and Stipp, J.J., 1979, Little Salt Spring, Florida: A Unique Underwater Site. Science 203:609–614.
Cozzi, J., 1998, Hull Remains of the Emanuel Point Ship. In Underwater Archaeology, edited by Lawrence Babits, Catherine Fach, and Ryan Harris, pp. 31–37. Society for Historical Archaeology, Tucson.
Craig, Alan K., 2000a, Spanish Colonial Silver Coins in the Florida Collection. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Craig, Alan K., 2000b, Spanish Colonial Gold Coins of the Florida Collection. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Damour, Melanie, and Christopher E. Horrell, 2001, Dog Island Shipwreck Survey. Report of Field Operations: June 26-August 4. Underwater Archaeology Research No. 9, Program in Underwater Archaeology, Florida State University, Tallahassee.
Denson, Robin L., 1992, The Oklawaha River Survey. Report prepared for the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research by the Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Anthropology, Gainesville.
Dunbar, James, Webb, S. David, and Cring, Dan, 1989, Culturally and Naturally Modified Bones from a Paleoindian Site in the Aucilla River, North Florida. In Bone Modification, edited by Robson Bonnichsen and Marcella H. Sorg, pp. 473–497. Center for Study of the First Americans, University of Maine, Orono.
Dunbar, J.S. and Webb, S.D., 1996, Bone and Ivory Tools from Submerged Paleoindian Sites in Florida. In The Paleoindian and Early Archaic Southeast, edited by D.G. Anderson and K.E. Sassaman, pp. 331–353 University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Duncan, Stanley, 1994, Site Formation Processes: An Environmental History of the Maple Leaf Site, 1864–1993. M.A. thesis, Department of History, East Carolina University, Greenville.
Faught, Micheal and Latvis, Joseph, 2000, PaleoAucilla Prehistory Project: Report of Offshore Field Operations 1999. Report prepared for the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research by the Program in Underwater Archaeology, Florida State University, Tallahassee.
Finegold, Robert, 1990, The Deadman’s Sloop: Excavations of a Colonial Careenage. M.A. thesis, University of St. Andrews, Fife.
Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, 1994, Draft Management Plan for Florida’s Submerged Cultural Resources. Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee.
Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, 1996, U.S. Navy and Confederate Shipwrecks in Florida. 2 vols. Report prepared for the U.S. Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C., by the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee.
Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, 1997, Development of State Underwater Archaeological Preserves. Report prepared for Coastal Management Program, Florida Department of Community Affairs, by the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee.
Franklin, Marianne, Morris, John W., and Smith, Roger C, 1992, Submerged Historical Resources of Pensacola Bay, Florida. Florida Archaeological Reports, No. 27. Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee.
Franklin, Marianne and Morris, John W., 1996, The St. Augustine Shipwreck Survey: Phase One. Southern Oceans Archaeological Research Survey Report No. 1. Report prepared for the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research by Southern Oceans Archaeological Research, Inc., Pensacola.
Gaither, Catherine M., editor, 1996, Florida East Coast Shipwreck Project, 1995 Season. With contributions from Pat Clyne, William Moore, Taffi Fisher, Lynda Mathews, and Steve Shouppe. Report prepared for the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research by Salvors, Inc., Sebastian.
Gaither, Catherine M., editor, 1997, Florida East Coast Shipwreck Project, 1996 Season. With contributions from William Moore and Lynda Mathews. Report prepared for the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research by Salvors, Inc., Sebastian.
Gaither, Catherine M. and Essig, H. Michael, editors, 1998, Florida East Coast Shipwreck Project, 1997 Season. With contributions from William Moore and Ken Nehiley. Report prepared for the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research by Salvors, Inc., Sebastian.
Gibbs, Heather, editor, 1992, Florida East Coast Shipwreck Project, Archaeological Report, 1989–1991. With contributions from Scott Nierling, Melanie Griffith, Charles Myer, Katherine Amundson, Walter Zackarchuck, Karen Fisher, and R. Duncan Mathewson. Report prepared for the Florida Bureau of Archaeological by Salvors, Inc., Sebastian.
Gibbs, Heather, editor, 1993, A Summary of the East Coast Shipwreck Project, 1992 Season. With contributions from Scott Nierling, Charles Myer, Dave Simmons, Cruise Simmons, Douglas R. Armstrong, Bob Rousseau, and Karen Fisher. Report prepared for the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research by Salvors, Inc., Sebastian.
Gifford, J.A., 1993, Videography and Geographical Information Systems for Recording the Excavation of a Prehistoric Underwater site. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 22(2): 167–172.
Hayes, Chuck, 1996, Underwater Resources of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, Northeast Region. With contributions by Denis Trelewicz and Paul Caputo. 3 Vols. Report prepared for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.
Holland, Keith V., Manley, Lee B., and Towart, James W., 1994, The Maple Leaf: An Extraordinary American Civil War Shipwreck. St. Johns Archaeological Expeditions, Inc., Jacksonville.
Hunter, James W. III, Bratten, John R., and Cozzi, J., 2000, Underwater Field Investigations 1999: The Santa Rosa Island Wreck and Hamilton’s Shipwreck. Report of Investigation #81. Archaeology Institute, University of West Florida, Pensacola.
Hunter, James W. III, 2001, A Broken Lifeline of Commerce, Trade, and Defense on the Colonial Frontier: Historical Archaeology of the Santa Rosa Island Wreck, An 18th-Century Spanish Shipwreck in Pensacola Bay. M.A. thesis, Department of History, University of West Florida, Pensacola.
Indiana University, 1997, Upper Keys Region, Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, Hayes Cultural Resource Report. Report prepared for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration by Underwater Science and Educational Resources Program, Indiana University, Bloomington.
Indiana University and Panamerican Consultants, Inc., 1996, Underwater Archaeological Investigations at the Site of the 1733 Spanish Fleet Shipwreck Tentatively Identified as the San Felipe: An Indiana Field School. Report prepared for the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research by Indiana University, Department of Recreation and Park Administration, Bloomington.
Joy, Deborah, 1988, Archaeological Evaluation of Deadman’s Island, Gulf Breeze, Florida. Report of Investigations No. 17, Archaeology Institute, University of West Florida, Pensacola.
Mathewson, R. Duncan, editor, 1984, East Coast Shipwreck Project Report. With contributions by David D. Moore, Kelly Bernard, Janet A. Fittipaldi, Steve Taylor, Richard Brantly, Kim Elmore, Tom Ingram, Pat Clyne, Bob Marx, Jim Sinclair, Deborah Smith, and John Brandon. 4 Vols. Report prepared for the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research by Cobb Coin Inc., Key West.
McMahan, Frederick B. and Zarzynski, Joseph W., 1997, A Warship of the “Era of Good Feelings”: Recent Archaeology on the United States Schooner Alligator Shipwreck. Paper presented at the 1997 Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Corpus Christi.
Meide, Chuck, 2000a, An Archaeological Investigation of the San Marcos Shipwreck (8WA501) and a Submerged Cultural Resources Survey of the St. Marks River, 29 June to 07 August 1998. Underwater Archaeology Research Report No. 2, Program in Underwater Archaeology, Florida State University, Tallahassee.
Meide, Chuck, 2000b, Dog Island Shipwreck Survey 1999: Report of Historical and Archaeological Investigations. Underwater Archaeology Research Report No. 4, Program in Underwater Archaeology, Florida State University, Tallahassee.
Memory, Melissa, S wann, Brenda, Staunton, William, Ruhl, Donna, 2000, Lake Pithlachocco Canoe Site. Proposal of properties in Florida for Nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee.
Mistovich, Tim S., Agranat, Brina J., and James Stephen R., 1991, Brodie’s Wharf: Maritime Archaeological Investigation of an Early Nineteenth Century Sunken Caisson at the Pensacola Naval Air Station, Florida. Report prepared for U.S. Naval Air Station, Pensacola by Panamerican Consultants, Inc., Tuscaloosa.
Morris, John W., 2000, Site 8SJ3478, The Tube Site: 1999 Field Season Report. Report prepared for the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research by the Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Project, St. Augustine.
Morris, John W. and Franklin Marianne, 1995, An Archaeological Assessment of the Vessel Remains at Town Point, Site 8SR983. Report prepared for the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research by Southern Oceans Archaeological Research, Inc., Pensacola.
Morris, John W., Franklin, Marianne, and Carroll, Norme, 1998, The St. Augustine Maritime Survey, Southern Oceans Archaeological Research Survey Report No. 2. Report prepared for the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research by Southern Oceans Archaeological Research, Inc., Pensacola.
Morris, John W., Franklin, Marianne, Caroll, Norme, Bumpass, Kelly, and White, Andrea P., 1998, Report on the Tube Site 8SJ3478: Southern Oceans Archaeological Research Site Report No. 2. Report prepared for the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research by Southern Oceans Archaeological Research, Inc., Pensacola.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1997, Programmatic Agreement among The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, The Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, and The State of Florida for Historic Resource Management in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. On file at Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee.
Newsom, Lee A. and Purdy, Barbara A., 1990, Florida Canoes: A Maritime Heritage From the Past, The Florida Anthropologist 43(3): 164–180.
Newsome, Lee A., Webb S., David, and Dunbar, James S., 1993, History and Geographic Distribution of Cucurbita pepo Gourds in Florida. Journal of Ethnobiology 13(1):75–97.
Neyland, Robert, 1996, Survey of USS Alligator: 15–24 July 1996. Observation Report. Prepared for th Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research by U.S. Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C.
Neyland, Robert S., editor, in press, An Investigation of the Boca Chica Channel Wreck, Key West, Florida. U.S. Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C.
Payne, Claudine, 1992, Archaeology Underwater, Surveying Florida’s Past. Booklet prepared by Marion County School System and the Florida Museum of Natural History. On file at Florida Bureau of Historic Preservation, Tallahassee.
Peebles, Dennis C, editor, 1994, Florida East Coast Shipwreck Project, 1993 Season. With contributions from Karen Fisher and Katherine Admunson. Report prepared for the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research by Salvors, Inc., Sebastian.
Peebles, Dennis C, editor, 1995, Florida East Coast Shipwreck Project, 1994 Season. With contributions from Lynda Mathews, William Moore, Katherine Admunson, Mary Moylan, Bob Fullerton, Charles Myer, and Ed Martin. Report prepared for the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research by Salvors, Inc., Sebastian.
Priestley, Herbert Ingram, editor, 1928, The Luna Papers. 2 Vols. Florida State Historical Society, Deland.
Rea, Robert R. and Servies, James A., 1982, The Log of H.M.S. Mentor 1780–1781. A New Account of the British Navy at Pensacola. University Press of Florida, Pensacola.
Scott-Ireton, Delia, 1998, An Analysis of Spanish Colonization Fleets in the Age of Exploration Based on the Historical and Archaeological Investigation of the Emanuel Point Shipwreck in Pensacola Bay, Florida. M.A. thesis, Department of History, University of West Florida, Pensacola.
Scott-Ireton, Delia, 2000, Secrets in the Sea: The Emanuel Point Shipwreck. Florida History and the Arts Magazine 8(4): 16–19.
Sinclair, James and Mathewson, R. Duncan, editors, 1990, The Florida East Coast Shipwreck Project, 1715 Spanish Plate Fleet, Archaeological Report, 1989. With contributions from Taffi Fisher, Scott Nierling, Deborah Smith, John Brandon, and John De Bry. Report prepared for the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research by Cobb Coin Inc., Key West.
Smith, Roger C, 1990a, A Proposal to Establish an Underwater Archaeological Preserve in the Florida Keys. Florida Archaeological Reports, No. 7. Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee.
Smith, Roger C, 1990b, Marine Archaeology Comes of Age in Florida: Excavation of Deadman’s Shipwreck, A Careened British Warship in Pensacola Bay. In Underwater Archaeology Proceedings: Society for Historical Archaeology Conference 1989, edited by Toni L. Carrell, pp. 110–116. Society for Historical Archaeology, Tucson.
Smith, Roger C, 1991, “Florida’s Underwater Archaeological Preserves.” In Underwater Archaeology Proceedings: Society for Historical Archaeology Conference 1991, edited by John D. Broadwater, pp. 43–46. Society for Historical Archaeology, Richmond.
Smith, Roger C, 1993, Vanguard of Empire: Ships of Exploration in the Age of Columbus. Oxford University Press, New York.
Smith, Roger C, 1995, The Ship at Emanuel Point: An Examination of Florida’s Earliest Shipwreck. In Underwater Archaeology Proceedings: Society for Historical Archaeology Conference 1994, edited by Robyn Woodward, Society for Historical Archaeology, Vancouver.
Smith, Roger C, 1997, Public Stewardship of Shipwrecks: An Example From Florida. Archaeology and Public Education 7(2):3–12.
Smith, Roger C, 1998a, Pensacola’s Tristán de Luna Shipwreck: A Look at the Archaeological Evidence. Gulf Coast Historical Review 14(l):21–30.
Smith, Roger C, 1998b, Discovery, Development, and Interpretation of Florida’s Earliest Shipwreck: A Partnership in Research and Historic Preservation. In Underwater Archaeology, edited by Lawrence Babits, Catherine Fach, and Ryan Harris, pp. 115–121. Society for Historical Archaeology, Tucson.
Smith, Roger C, 1999, Pensacola’s Colonial Maritime Resources. In Archaeology of Colonial Pensacola, edited by Judy Bense, pp. 91–120. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Smith, Roger C. and Dunbar, James S., 1977, An Underwater Archaeological Survey of Eight Spanish Merchant Naos of the 1733 New Spain Fleet. Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee.
Smith, Roger C, Finegold Robert, and Stephens, Eric, 1990, Establishing an Underwater Archaeological Preserve in the Florida Keys: A Case Study. APT Bulletin, The Journal of Preservation Technology 22(3): 11–18.
Smith, Roger C, Spirek, James, Bratten, John, and Scott-Ireton, Delia, 1995, The Emanuel Point Ship: Archaeological Investigations, 1992–1995. Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee.
Smith, Roger C, Dunbar, James S., and Faught, Michael, 1997, An Underwater Archaeological Survey in the Santa Fe River, Florida, July 1997. Florida Archaeological Reports No. 36. Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee.
Smith, Roger C, Miller, James J., Kelley, Sean M., and Harbin, Linda G., 1997, An Atlas of Maritime Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Smith, Roger C, Bratten, John, Cozzi, J., and Plaskett, Keith, 1998, The Emanuel Point Ship: Archaeological Investigations, 1997–1998. Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee.
Spirek, James, 1995, Pinned to the Bottom: Emanuel Point Hull Remains. In Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference 1995, edited by Paul Johnson, pp, 43–48. Society for Historial Archaeology, Washington, D.C
Spirek, James, Scott, Delia, Hughson, Charles, Williamson, Mike, and Smith, Roger C, 1993, Submerged Historical Resources of Pensacola Bay, Florida, Phase Two. Report prepared for Coastal Management Program, Florida Department of Community Affairs, by the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee.
Stoltman, Thomas and Cantelas, Frank, 1993, Investigation of the Maple Leaf: A Civil War Transport. In Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference 1993, edited by Sheli O. Smith, pp. 83–90. Society for Historical Archaeology, Kansas City.
Ware, John D. and Rea, Robert R., 1982, George Gauld: Surveyor and Cartographer of the Gulf Coast. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Webb, S. David, Milanich, J.T., Alexon, R., and Dunbar, J.S., 1984, A Bison antiquus Kill Site, Wacissa River, Jefferson County, Florida. American Antiquity 49(2):384–392.
Webb, S. David, Dunbar, James S., and Waller, Benjamin, I., 1990, Ecological Implications of Ivory Foreshafts From Underwater Sites in Florida. Abstracts of the 6th International Conference for Archaeozoology, p. 62. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C
Webb, S. David, Dunbar, James S., and Newsome, Lee A., 1992, Mastodon Digesta From North Florida. Current Research in the Pleistocene 9:114–116.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Smith, R.C. (2002). Florida Frontiers. In: Ruppé, C.V., Barstad, J.F. (eds) International Handbook of Underwater Archaeology. The Springer Series in Underwater Archaeology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0535-8_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0535-8_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5120-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0535-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive