Skip to main content

Nutrient Export from Tropical Rain Forests

  • Chapter
Modern Trends in Applied Terrestrial Ecology

Abstract

Water flowing through terrestrial ecosystems links atmosphere, vegetation, soil, and surface waters. Because of this intimate connection between a river and its valley (as eloquently described by Hynes, 1975), disturbance of terrestrial ecosystems in a humid basin is likely to be reflected in elemental losses in stream and river water. Early work using the small watershed approach at Hubbard Brook in New Hampshire demonstrated the power of quantifying elemental inputs and outputs to characterize the ecosystem-level response to a terrestrial disturbance (Likens et al., 1978). In the years since publication of that seminal paper, the value of using stream and river chemistry as a measure of the severity of disturbance in a landscape has been widely accepted (Ranger and Turpault, 1999). Because streams usually integrate and synthesize the effects of disturbance better than direct sampling of terrestrial landscapes, changes in stream chemistry provide a powerful tool for understanding the effects of disturbance ntropical rain forests (e.g., Schaefer et al., 2000).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Binkley, D., and Brown, T. C. (1993). Forest practices as nonpoint sources of pollution in North America. Water Resources Bulletin 29: 729–740.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bormann, F. H., and Likens, G. E. (1967). Nutrient cycling. Science 155: 424–429.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandes, J. A.; McClain, M. E., and Pimentel, T. P. (1996). 15N evidence for the origin and cycling of inorganic nitrogen in a small Amazonian catchment. Biogeochemistry 34: 45–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkmann, W. L. F. (1983). Nutrient balance of a central Amazonian rainforest: comparison of natural and manmanaged systems. In: R. Keller (Ed.), Hydrology of humid tropical regions, (pp. 153–163). IAHS Publ. No. 140; Paris: International Association of Hydrological Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruijnzeel, L. A. (1983). The chemical mass balance of a small basin in a wet monsoonal environment and the effect of fast-growing plantation forest. In: B. W. Webb (Ed.), Dissolved loads of rivers and surface water quantity/quality relationships, (pp. 229–239). IAHS Publ. No. 141. Paris: International Association of Hydrological Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, J. L., Hornbeck, J. W.; McDowell, W. H.; Buso, D. C.; Shanley, J. B., and Likens G. E. (2000). Dissolved organic nitrogen budgets for upland, forested ecosystems in New England. Biogeochemistry 49: 123–142.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chadwick, O. A., Derry, L. A., Vitousek, P. M., Huebert, B. J., and Hedin, L. O. (1999). Changing sources of nutrients during four million years of ecosystem development. Nature 397: 491–497.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chestnut, T. J., and McDowell, W. H. (2000). C and N dynamics in the riparian and hyporheic zones of a tropical stream, Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 19: 199–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, J. J., Peierls, B. L., Caraco, N. F, and Pace, M. L. (1994). Nitrogen loading of rivers as a human-driven process. In: M. J. McDonnell, and S. T. A. Picket (Eds.), Humans as components of ecosystems: the ecology of subtle human effects and populated areas (pp. 141–147). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillaha, T. A., Reneau, R. B., Mostaghimi, S., and Lee, D. (1989). Vegetative filter strips for agricultural nonpoint source pollution control. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineering 32: 513–519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downing, J. A., McClain, M., Twilley, R., Melack, J. M., Elser, J., Rabalais, N. N., Lewis, W. M. Jr., Turner, R. E., Corredor, J., Soto, D., Yanez-Arancibia, A., Kopaska, J. A., and Howarth, R. W. (1999). The impact of accelerating land-use change on the N-cycle of tropical aquatic ecosystems: current conditions and projected changes. Biogeochemistry 46: 109–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunne, T. (1979). Sediment yield and land use in tropical catchments. Journal of Hydrology 42: 281–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Findlay, S. 1995. Importance of surface-subsurface exchange in stream ecosystems: The hyporheic zone. Limnology and Oceanography 40: 159–164.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forti, M. C., Boulet, R., Melfi, A. J., and Neal, C. (2000). Hydrogeochemsitry of a small catchment in northeastern Amazonia: A comparison between natural with deforested parts of the catchment (Serra Do Navio, Amapa State, Brazil). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 118: 263–279.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furch, K. (1984). Water chemistry of the Amazon basin: The distribution of chemical elements among freshwaters. In: The Amazon (pp. 167–199). Dordrecht: Dr. W. Junk.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, R. J. (1970). Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry. Science 170: 1088–1090.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grip, H., Malmer, A., and Wong, F. K. (1994). Converting tropical rain forest to forest plantation in Sabah, Malaysia: 1. Dynamics and net losses of nutrients in control catchment streams. Hydrological Processes 8:179–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hedin, L. O., Armesto, J. J., and Johnson, A. H. (1995). Patterns of nutrient loss from unpolluted, old-growth temperate forests: Evaluation of biogeochemical theory. Ecology 76: 493–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hornbeck, J. W, Smith, C. T., Martin, C. W., Tritton, L. M., and Pierce, R. S. (1990). Effects of intensive harvesting on nutrient capitals of three forest types in New England. Forest Ecology and Management 30: 55–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howarth, R. W., Billen, G., Swaney, D., Townsend, A., Jaworski, N., Lajtha, K., Downing, J. A., Elmgren, R., Caraco, N., Jordan, T., Berendse, F., Freney, J., Kudeyarov, V., Murdoch, P., and Zhao-Liang, Z. (1996). Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine N and P fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean: Natural and human influences. Biogeochemistry 35: 75–139.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hynes, H. B. N. (1975). The stream and its valley. Verhandlugen Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 19: 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, 1. S. A. N. (1992). A study on the impact of urban and industrial development in the Linggi River basin, Malaysia: 2. Chemical environment. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 77: 39l–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, W. M., Jr., Melack, J. M., McDowell, W. H., McClain, M., and Richey, J. E. (1999). Nitrogen yields from undisturbed watersheds in the Americas. Biogeochemistry 46: 149–162.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, W. M. Jr., and Saunders, J. F I. (1989). Concentration and transport of dissolved and suspended substances in the Orinoco River. Biogeochemistry 7: 203–240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Likens, G. E., Bormann, F. H., Pierce, R. S., Eaton, J. S., and Johnson, N. M. (1977). Biogeochemistry of a forested ecosystem. New York: Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Likens, G. E., Driscoll, C. T., and Buso, D. C. (1996). Long-term effects of acid rain-response and recovery of a forest ecosystem. Science 272: 244–246.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Likens, G. E., Bormann, F. H., Pierce R. S., and Reiners, W. A. (1978). Recovery of a deforested ecosystem. Science 199:492–496.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lugo, A. E., Applefield, M., Pool, D. J., and McDonald, R. B. (1983). The impact of Hurricane David on the forests of Dominica. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 13: 201–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lugo, A. E., Rogers, C. S., and Nixon, S. W. (2000). Hurricanes, coral reefs and rainforests: Resistance, ruin and recovery in the Caribbean. Ambio 29: 106–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maier, M. H., and de Chiara, E. G. (1980). Estudo limnologico de um trecho do Rio Moji-Guacu: III. Acao de efluentes de usina acucareira (agua de lavagem de cana). Boletin Instituto da Pesca 7: 93–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malmer, A., and Grip, H. (1994). Converting tropical rainforest to forest plantation in Sabah, Malaysia: II. Effects on nutrient dynamics and net losses in streamwater. Hydrological Processes 8: 195–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martinelli, L. A., Krusche, A. V, Victoria, R. L., Camargo, P. B., de Bernardes, M., Ferraz, E. S., de Moraes, J. M., and Ballester, M. V (1999). Effects of sewage on the chemical composition of Piracicaba River, Brazil. Water, Soil and Air Pollution 110: 67–79.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, P. A., McDowell, W. H., Townsend, A. R., and Vitousek, P. M. (1999). The globalization of nitrogen deposition: ecosystem consequences in tropical environments. Biogeochemistry 46: 67–83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClain, M. E., Richey, J. E., and Pena Pimental, T. (1994). Groundwater nitrogen dynamics at the terrestrial-lotic interface of a small catchment in the central Amazon basin. Biogeochemistry 27: 113–127.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, W. H. (1998). Internal nutrient fluxes in a tropical rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 14: 521–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, W. H. (2001). Hurricanes, people, and riparian zones: Controls on nutrient losses from forested Caribbean watersheds. Forest Ecology and Management 154: 443–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, W. H., and Asbury, C. E. (1994). Export of carbon, nitrogen, and major ions from three tropical montane watersheds. Limnology and Oceanography 39: 111–125.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, W. H., Bowden, W. B., and Asbury, C. E. (1992). Riparian nitrogen dynamics in two geomorphologically distinct tropical rain forest watersheds-subsurface solute patterns. Biogeochemistry 18: 53–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, W. H., Gines-Sanchez, C., Asbury, C. E., and Ramos-Perez, C. R. (1990). Influence of seasalt aerosols and long range transport on precipitation chemistry at El Verde, Puerto Rico. Atmospheric Environment 24A:2813–2821.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, W. H., Lugo, A. E., and James, A. (1995). Export of nutrients and major ions from Caribbean catchments. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 14: 12–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, W. H., McSwiney, C. P., and Bowden, W. B. (1996). Effects of hurricane disturbance on groundwater chemistry and riparian function in a tropical rain forest. Biotropica 28: 577–584.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medina, E., and Cuevas, E. (1989). Patterns of nutrient accumulation and release in Amazonian forests of the upper Rio Negro basin. In: J. Proctor (Ed.), Mineral nutrients in tropical forest and savanna ecosystems (pp. 217–240). Special Publications Series of the British Ecological Society No. 9. London: Blackwell Scientific.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merriam, J. L., McDowell, W. H., Tank, J. L., Wolheim, W. M., Crenshaw, C. L., and Johnson, S. L. (2002). Characterizing nitrogen dynamics, transport, and retention in a tropical rainforest stream using an in situ 15N addition. Freshwater Biology 47: 143–160.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mumeka, A. (1986). Effect of deforestation and subsistence agriculture on runoff of the Kafue River headwaters, Zambia. Hydrological Sciences Journal 31: 543–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, S. F., Brantley, S. L., Blum, A. E., White, A. F., and Dong, H. (1998). Chemical weathering in a tropical watershed, Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico: II. Rate and mechanism of biotite weathering. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 62: 227–243.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neill, C., Deegan, L. A., Thomas, S. M., and Cerri, C. C. (2001). Deforestation for pasture alters nitrogen and phosphorus in small Amazonian streams. Ecological Applications 11: 1817–1828.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nystrom, M., Folke, C., and Moberg, F. (2000). Coral reef disturbance and resilience in a human-dominated environment. Tree 15: 413–417.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, B. J., Wollheim, W., Mulholland, P. J., Webster, J. R., Meyer, J. L., Tank, J. L., Grimm, N. B., Bowden, W. B., Vallet, H. M., Hershey, A. E., McDowell, W. H., Dodds, W K., Hamilton, S. K., Gregory, S. V, and D’Angelo, D. J. (2001). Stream processes alter the amount and form of nitrogen exported from small watersheds. Science 292: 86–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pringle, C. M. (1991). Geothermally modified waters surface at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica: Volcanic processes introduce chemical discontinuities into lowland tropical streams. Biotropica 23: 523–529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pringle, C. M., Rowe, G. L., Triska, F. J., Fernandez, J. F, and West, J. (1993). Landscape linkages between geothermal activity and solute composition and ecological response in surface waters draining the Atlantic slope of Costa Rica. Limnology and Oceanography 38: 753–774.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pringle, C. M., and Triska, F. J. (1991). Effects of geothermal groundwater on nutrient dynamics of a lowland Costa Rican stream. Ecology 72: 951–965.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Proctor, J. (1983). Mineral nutrients in tropical forests. Progress in Physical Geography 7: 422–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Proctor, J. (1987). Nutrient cycling in primary and old secondary rain forests. Applied Geography 7: 135–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ranger, J., and Turpault, M.-P (1999). Input-output nutrient budgets as a diagnostic tool for sustainable forest management. Forest Ecology and Management 122: 139–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanford, R. L. Jr., Saldarriaga, J., Clark, K. E., Uhl, C., and Herrera, R. (1985). Amazon rain-forest fires. Science 227: 53–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, D. A., McDowell, W. H., Scatena, F. N., and Asbury, C. E. (2000). Effects of hurricane disturbance on stream water concentrations and fluxes in eight tropical forest watersheds of the Luquillo Experimental Forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 16: 189–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seitzinger, S., and Sanders, R. W. (1997). Contribution of dissolved organic nitrogen from rivers to estuarine eutrophication. Marine Ecology Progress Series 159: 1–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silver, W. L., Scatena, F. N., Johnson, A. H., Siccama, T. G., and Sanchez, M. J. (1994). Nutrient availability in a montane wet tropical forest: Spatial patterns and methodological considerations. Plant and Soil 164: 129–145.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sollins, P., Grier, C. C., McCorison, F. M., Cromack, K. Jr., Fogel, R., and Fredriksen, R. L. (1980). The internal element cycles of an old-growth Douglas-fir ecosystem in western Oregon. Ecological Monographs 50: 261–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stark, N. M., and Jordan, C. F. (1978). Nutrient retention by the root mat of an Amazonian rain forest. Ecology 59:434–437.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swank, W. T., and Waide, J. B. (1988). Characterization of baseline precipitation and stream chemistry and nutrient budgets for control watersheds. In: Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta, W. T. Swank, and D. A. Crossley, Jr. (Eds.), (p. 57–79). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Vitousek, P. M. (1984). Litterfall, nutrient cycling, and nutrient limitation in tropical forests. Ecology 65: 285–298.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, L. R., Zarin, D. J., Fetcher, N., Myster, R. W., and Johnson, A. H. (1996). Ecosystem development and plant succession on landslides in the Carribean. Biotropica 28: 566–576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, A. F., and Blum, A. E. (1995). Climatic effects on chemical weathering in watersheds: Application of mass balance approaches. In: S. T. Trudgill (Ed.), Solute modelling in catchment systems (pp. 101–131). New York:Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, A. F., Blum, A. E., Schulz, M. S., Vivit, D. V., Sonestrom D. A., Larsen, M., Murphy, S. F, and Eberl, D. (1998). Chemical weathering in a tropical watershed, Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico: I. Long-term versus short-term weathering fluxes. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 62: 209–226.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitmore, T. C. (1989). Tropical forest nutrients, where do we stand? A tour de horizon. In: J. Proctor (Ed.), Mineral nutrients in tropical forest and savanna ecosystems (pp. 1–13). London: Blackwell Scientific.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, M. R., and Melack, J. M. (1997). Solute export from forested and partially deforested catchments in the central Amazon. Biogeochemistry 38: 67–102.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer-Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

McDowell, W.H. (2002). Nutrient Export from Tropical Rain Forests. In: Ambasht, R.S., Ambasht, N.K. (eds) Modern Trends in Applied Terrestrial Ecology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0223-4_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0223-4_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-4973-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0223-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics