Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Models of human sleep regulation

  • Chapter
Sleep

  • 721 Accesses

Abstract

One of the reasons to assume that sleep serves important functions to an organism is the fact that timing and duration of sleep are strictly regulated. Specific rebounds occur both upon non-REM sleep deprivation as well as upon REM sleep deprivation, suggesting that the states constitute necessary physiological processes. It is, however, not yet clear what these necessary processes are. The physiological characteristics of non-REM sleep and REM sleep are very different. Apart from the absence or presence of rapid eye movements, there are differences in the electroencephalogram, in thermoregulation, in cardiovascular processes, in breathing. Virtually every physiological process is involved. Each of the processes seems to be crucial for the functioning of the organism, and so each of them may provide the ultimate reason for the rebound responses which occur upon non-REM and REM sleep deprivation.

Adapted from Sleep Medicine Reviews volume 2, number 1, by D. G. M. Beersma, Models of human sleep regulation, pages 31-43, 1998, by permission of the publisher, W. B. Saunders.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. ACHERMANN P. - Schlafregulation des Menschen: Modelle und Computersimulationen. Thesis. ADAG Administration & Druck AG, Zürich, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  2. ACHERMANN P., BEERSMA D.G.M., BORBELY A.A. - The two-process model: ultradian dynamics of sleep. In: Horne, JA, (ed) Sleep 90. Pontenagel Press, Bochum, 1990, pp 296–300.

    Google Scholar 

  3. ACHERMANN P., BORBELY A.A - Dynamics of EEG slow wave activity during physiological sleep and after administration of benzodiazepine hypnotics. Human Neurobiol. 6, 203–210, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. ACHERMANN P., BORBELY A.A. - Simulation of human sleep: ultradian dynamics of electroencephalographic slow-wave activity. J. Biol. Rhythms 5, 141–157, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. ACHERMANN P., BORBELY A.A. - Combining different models of sleep regulation. J. Sleep Res. 1, 144–147, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. ACHERMANN P., BORBELY A.A. - Simulation of daytime vigilance by the additive interaction of a homeostatic and a circadian process. Biol. Cybern. 71, 115–121, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. ACHERMANN P., DIJK D.J., BRUNNER D.P., BORBELY A.A. - A model of human sleep homeostasis based on EEG slow-wave activity: quantitative comparison of data and simulations. Brain Res Bull 31, 97–113, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. ACHERMANN P., WERTH E., DIJK D.J., BORBELY A.A. - Time course of sleep inertia after nighttime and daytime sleep episodes. Arch Ital. Biol. 134, 109–119, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. AESCHBACH D., CAJOCHEN C., LANDOLT H., BORBELY A.A. - Homeostatic sleep regulation in habitual short sleepers and long sleepers. Am. J. Physiol. 270, R41–R53, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  10. AKERSTEDT T., FOLKARD S. - Validation of the S and C components of the three-process model of alertness regulation. Sleep 18, 1–6, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. AKERSTEDT T., FOLKARD S. - Predicting sleep latency from the three-process model of alertness regulation. Psychophysiol. 33,385–389, 1996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. AKERSTEDT T., FOLKARD S. - The three-process model of alertness and its extension to performance, sleep latency, and sleep length. Chronobiol. Int. 14, 115–123, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. AMIR S., STEWART J. - Resetting of the circadian clock by a conditioned stimulus. Nature 379, 542–545, 1996

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. ANTONIOLI M., SOLANO L., TORRE A., VIOLANI C., COSTA M., BERTINI M. Independence of REM density from other REM sleep parameters before and after REM deprivation. Sleep4, 221–225, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. ARGAMASO S.M., FROEHLICH A.C., McCALL M.A., NEVO E., PROVENCIO I., FOSTER R.G. - Photo pigments and circadian systems of vertebrates. Biophys-Chem 56, 3–11, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. ASCHOFF J., PÖPPEL E, WEVER R. - Circadiane Periodik des Menschen unter dem Einfluss von Licht-Dunkel-Wechseln unterschiedlicher Periode. Pßugers Arch. 306, 58–70, 1969.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. ASERINSKI E. - Relationship of rapid eye movement density to the prior accumulation of sleep and wakefulness. Psychophysiology 10, 545–558, 1973.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. BEERSMA D.G.M., ACHERMANN P. - Changes of sleep EEG slow-wave activity in response to sleep manipulations: to what extent are they related to changes in REM sleep latency. J. Sleep Res. 4, 23–29, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. BEERSMA D.G.M., DAAN S. - Strong or weak phase resetting by light pulses in humans. J. Biol. Rhythms 8, 340–347, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. BEERSMA D.G.M., DAAN S., DIJK D.J. - Sleep intensity and timing: a model for their circadian control. Lectures on Mathematics in the Life Sciences 19, 39–62, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  21. BEERSMA D.G.M., DIJK D.J., BLOK C.G.H., EVERHARDUS I. - REM sleep deprivation during 5 hours leads to an immediate REM sleep rebound and to suppression of non-REM sleep intensity. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 76, 114–122, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. BENINGTON J.H., HELLER H.C. - REM-sleep timing is controlled homeostatically by accumulation of REM-sleep propensity in non-REM sleep. Am. J. Physiol. 266, R1992–R2000, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  23. BENINGTON J.H., HELLER H.C. - Restoration of brain energy metabolism as the function of sleep. Prog. Neurobiol. 45, 347–360, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. BOIVIN D.B., DUFFY J.F., KRONAUER R.E., CZEISLER C.A. - Dose-response relationships for resetting of human circadian clock by light. Nature, 379, 540–542, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. BORBELY A.A. - Sleep: circadian rhythm versus recovery process. In: Koukkou, M, Lehmann, D, Angst, J, (eds), Functional States of the Brain: Their Determinants. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1980, pp 151–161.

    Google Scholar 

  26. BORBELY A.A. - Circadian and sleep dependent processes in sleep regulation. In: Aschoff, J, Daan, S, Groos, G (eds). Vertebrate Circadian Systems: Structure and Physiology. Springer Verlag, Berlin 1982, pp 237–242.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  27. BORBELY A.A. - A two-process model of sleep regulation. Hum. Neurobiol 1, 195–204, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. BORBELY A.A. - Sleep homeostasis and models of sleep regulation. In: Kryger, MH, Roth, T, Dement, WC (eds) Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd edition, Saunders, Philadelphia 1994, pp 309–320.

    Google Scholar 

  29. BORBELY A.A., ACHERMANN P. - Concepts and models of sleep regulation: an overview. J. Sleep Res. 1, 63–79, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. BORBELY A.A., BAUMANN P., BRANDEIS D., STRUACH I., LEHMAN D. - Sleep deprivation. Effect on sleep stages and EEG power density in man. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 51, 483–495, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. BORBELY A.A., TOBLER I., WIRZ-JUSTICE A. - Circadian and sleep dependent processes in sleep regulation: outline of a model and implications for depression, Sleep Res 10, 19, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  32. BORBELY A.A., WIRZ-JUSTICE A. - Sleep, sleep deprivation and depression. A hypothesis derived from a model of sleep regulation. Hum. Neurobiol 1, 205–210, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. BOS K.H.N., Van den HOOFDAKKER R.H., KAPPERS E.J. - An electrode independent function describing the EEG changes during sleep. In: Sleep 1976, Koella, WP and Levin, P, eds. Basel: Karger, 1977, pp 470–473.

    Google Scholar 

  34. BRUNNER D.P., DIJK D.J., BORBELY A.A. - Repeated partial sleep deprivation progressively changes the EEG during sleep and wakefulness. Sleep 16, 100–113, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. BRUNNER D.P., DIJK D.J., TOBLER I., BORBELY A.A. - Effect of partial sleep deprivation on sleep stages and EEG power spectra: evidence for non-REM and REM sleep homeostasis. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 75,492–499, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. CARPENTER G.A., GROSSBERG S. - A neural theory of circadian rhythms: split rhythms, after-effects and motivational interaction. J. Theor. Biol. 113, 163–223, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. DAAN S., ALBRECHT U., Van der HOST G.T.J., ILLNEROVA H., ROENNEBERG T.,WEHR T.A., SCHWARTZ W.J. - Assembling a clock for all seasons: Are there M and E oscillators in the genes? J. Biol. Rhythms16, 105–116,2001.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. DAAN S., BEERSMA D.G.M. - Circadian gating of human sleep and wakefulness. In: Mathematical Modeling of Circadian Systems,MC Moore-Ede and CA Czeisler, eds. New York, Raven 1983, pp 129–158.

    Google Scholar 

  39. DAAN S., BEERSMA D.G.M., BORBELY A.A. - Timing of human sleep: recovery process gated by a circadian pacemaker. Am. J. Physiol. 246, R161–R178, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  40. DIJK D.J., BEERSMA D.G.M. - Effects of SWS deprivation on subsequent EEG power density and spontaneous sleep duration. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 72, 312–320, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. DIJK D.J., BEERSMA D.G.M., DAAN S. - EEG power density during nap sleep: reflection of an hourglass measuring the duration of prior wakefulness. J. Biol Rhythms 2, 207–219, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. DIJK D.J., BEERSMA D.G.M., DAAN S., BLOEM G.M., Van den HOOFDAKKER R.H. - Quantitative analysis of the effects of slow wave sleep deprivation during the first three hours of sleep on subsequent EEG power density. Eur. Arch. Neurol. Sci. 236, 323–328, 1987.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. DIJK D.J., BEERSMA D.G.M., DAAN S., LEWY A.L. - Bright morning light advances the human circadian system without affecting non-REM sleep homeostasis. Am. J. Physiol. 256, R106–R111, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. DIJK D.J., BEERSMA D.G.M., DAAN S., Van den HOOFDAKKER R.H. - Effects of seganserin, a 5-HT2 antagonist, and temazepam on human sleep stages and EEG power spectra. Eur. J. Pharmacol, 171, 207–218, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. DIJK D.J., BEERSMA D.G.M., STIEKEMA M. - Is the midafternoon decline in sleep latency associated with a peak in NREM sleep intensity ? Chronobiologia 14, 168–169, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  46. DIJK D.J., BRUNNER D.P., BEERSMA D.G.M., BORBELY A.A. - Electroencephalogram power density and slow wave sleep as a function of prior waking and circadian phase. Sleep 13,430–440, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. DIJK D.J., CZEISLER C.A. - Paradoxical timing of the circadian rhythm of sleep propensity serves to consolidate sleep and wakefulness in humans. Neurosci. Lett. 166, 63–68, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. DIJK D.J., CZEISLER C.A. - Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep structure, electroencephalographic slow waves, and sleep spindle activity in humans. J. Neurosci. 15, 3526–3538, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. DIJK D.J., DUFFY J.F., CZEISLER C.A. - Circadian and sleep/wake dependent aspects of subjective alertness and cognitive performance. J. Sleep Res. 1, 112–117, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. DIJK D.J., VISSCHER C.A., BLOEM G.M., BEERSMA D.G.M., DAAN S. - Reduction of human sleep duration after bright light exposure in the morning. Neuroscience Letters 73, 181–186, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. EDGAR D.M., DEMENT W.C., FULLER C.A. - Effect of SCN lesions on sleep in squirrel monkeys: evidence for opponent processes in sleep-wake regulation. J. Neurosci. 13, 1065–1079, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. ENRIGHT J.T. - The Timing of Sleep and Wakefulness. New York: Springer, 1980.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  53. FEINBERG I. - Changes in sleep cycle pattern with age. J. Psychiat. Res. 10, 283–306, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. GEERING B.A., ACHERMANN P., EGGIMANN F., BORBELY A.A. - Period-amplitude analysis and power spectral analysis: a comparison based on all-night sleep EEG recordings. J. Sleep Res. 2, 121–129, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. HASTINGS M.H. - Circadian clockwork: two loops are better than one. Nat.Rev.Neurosci. 1, 143–146, 2000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. HIDDINGS E.A., BEERSMA D.G.M., Van den HOOFDAKKER R.H. - Endogenous and exogenous components in the circadian variation of core body temperature in humans. J. Sleep Res. 6, 156–163, 1997.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. HORNE J.A., MOORE V.J. - Sleep EEG effects of exercise with and without additional body cooling. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 60, 33–38, 1985.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. HORNE J.A., REID A.J. - Night-time sleep EEG changes following body heating in a warm bath. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 60, 154–157, 1985.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. HORNE J.A., SHACKELL B.S. - Slow-wave sleep elevations after body heating: proximity to sleep and effects of aspirin. Sleep 10, 383–392, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. INOUYE S.T., KAWAMURA H. - Persistence of circadian rhythmicity in a mammalian hypothalamic ’island’ containing the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 5962–5966, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. JEWETT M.E., KRONAUER R.E., CZEISLER C.A. - Light-induced suppression of endogenous circadian amplitude in humans. Nature 350, 59–62, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. KATTLER H., DIJK D.J., BORBELY A.A. - Effect of unilateral somatosensory stimulation prior to sleep on the sleep EEG in humans. J. Sleep Res. 3, 159–164, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. KOELLA W.P. - A partial theory of sleep. A novel view of its phenomenology and organization. Eur. Neurol.25, suppl 2,9–17, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. KRONAUER R.E., CZEISLER C.A., PILATO S.F., MOORE-EDE M.C., WEITZMAN E.D. - Mathematical model of the human circadian system with two interacting oscillators. Am. J. Physiol. 242, R3-R17, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. LA VIE P. - Ultrashort sleep-waking schedule. III. ’Gates’ and ’forbidden zones’ for sleep. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 63, 414–425, 1986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. MASSAQUOI S.G., McCARLEY R.W. - Extension of the limit cycle reciprocal interaction model of REM cycle control. An integrated sleep control model. J. Sleep Res. 1, 138–143, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. MEDDIS R. - On the function of sleep. Anim. Behav. 23, 676–691, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. MEERLO P., PRAGT B.J., DAAN S. - Social stress induces high intensity sleep in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 225, 41–44, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. MERICA H., BLOIS R. - Relationship between the time courses of power in the frequency bands of human sleep EEG. Neurophysiol-Clin. 27, 116–128, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. MILLER J.D.,MORIN L.P., SCHWARTZ W.J., MOORE R.Y. - New insights into the mammalian circadian clock. Sleep 19, 641–667, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. MOORE R.Y., EICHLER V.B. - Loss of circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat. Brain Res. 42, 201–206, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. MOURTAZAEV M.S., KEMP B., ZWINDERMAN A.H., KAMPHUISEN H.A.C. - Age and gender affect different characteristics of slow waves in the sleep EEG. Sleep 18, 557–564, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. MUKHAMETOV L.M. - Sleep in marine mammals. Exp. Brain Res., Suppl 8, 227–238, 1984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. NAKAO M., McGINTY D., SZYMUSIAK R., YAMAMOTO M. - A thermoregulatory model of sleep control. Jpn. J. Physiol. 45, 291–309, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. PHILLIPS D.L., RAUTENBERG W., RASHOTTE M.E., STEPHAN F.K. - Evidence for a separate food-entrainable circadian oscillator in the pigeon. Physiol. Behav 53, 1105–1113, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. PORKKA-HEISKANEN T., STRECKER R.E., THAKKAR M., BJORKUN A.A., GREEN R.W., McCARLEY R.W. - Adenosine: A mediator of the sleep-inducing effects of prolonged wakefulness. Science 276, 1265–1268, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. PUTILOV A.A. - Timing of sleep modelling: Circadian modulation of the homeostatic process. Biol. Rhythm Res. 26, 1–19, 1995.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. RALPH M.R., FOSTER R.G., DAVIS F.C., MENAKER M. - Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period. Science 247, 975–978, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. ROENNEBERG T., HASTINGS J.W. - Two photoreceptors control the circadian clock of a unicellular alga. Naturwissenschaften 75, 206–207, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. SHINOHARA K., HONMA S., KATSUNO Y., ABE H., HONMA K. - Circadian rhythms in the release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and arginine-vasopressin in organotypic slice culture of rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci. Lett. 170, 183–186, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. STEPHAN F.K., ZUCKER I. - Circadian rhythms in drinking behavior and locomotor activity of rats are eliminated by hypothalamic lesions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69, 1583–1586, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. STERIADE M., McCORMICK D.A., SEJNOWSKI T.J. - Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain. Science 262, 679–685, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. TROGATZ S.H. - In: Lecture notes in biomathematics, S. Levin (ed), vol 69: The Mathematical Structure of the Human Sleep-Wake Cycle. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, 1986.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  84. TESSONNEAUD A., COOPER H.M., CALDANI M., LOCATELLI A., VIGUIER-MARTINEZ M.C. - The suprachiasmatic nucleus in the sheep: retinal projections and cytoarchitectural organization. Cell Tissue Res. 278,65–84, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. TOSINI G., MENAKER M. - Circadian rhythms in cultured mammalian retina. Science 272, 419–421, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. UCHIDA S., ATSUMI Y., KOJIMA T. - Dynamic relationship between sleep spindles and delta waves during a NREM period. Brain Res. Bull. 33, 351–355, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Van den HOOFDAKKER R.H. - Chronobiological theories of nonseasonal affective disorders and their implications for treatment. J. Biol. Rhythms 9, 157–183, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. WEBB W.B., AGNEW H.W.Jr. - Stage 4 sleep: influence of time course variables. Science 174, 1354–1356, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. WEHR T.A. - A brain-warming function for REM sleep. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 16, 379–397, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. WELSH D.K., LOGOTHETIS D.E., MEISTER M., REPPERT S.M. - Individual neurons dissociated from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express independently phased circadian firing rhythms. Neuron 14, 697–706, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. WERTH E., ACHERMANN P., BORBELY A.A. - Brain topography of the human sleep EEG: antero-posterior shifts of spectral power. Neuroreport 8, 123–127, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. WERTH E., ACHERMANN P., BORBELY A.A. - Fronto-occipital EEG power gradients in human sleep. J. Sleep Res. 6, 102–112, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. WEVER R. - The Circadian System of Man. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1979.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  94. WIRZ-JUSTICE A. - Biological rhythms in mood disorders. In Psychopharmacology, Fourth Generation of Progress, FE Bloom and DJ Kupfer, eds., Raven Press, New York, 1995, pp 999–1017.

    Google Scholar 

  95. ZEPELIN H., RECHTSCHAFFEN A. - Mammalian sleep, longevity, and metabolism. Brain Behav. Ecol. 10, 425–470, 1974.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Zoological Laboratory, RUG, AA Haren, The Netherlands

    D. G. M. Beersma

Authors
  1. D. G. M. Beersma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France

    Michel Billiard

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Beersma, D.G.M. (2003). Models of human sleep regulation. In: Billiard, M. (eds) Sleep. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0217-3_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0217-3_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-4970-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0217-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation