Abstract
Prey species abundances in fossil mammal assemblages rarely mirror those in the original community from which they were drawn. This disharmony may result from a number of factors, one of which is the initial prey selection. As a result, the species present in a fossil assemblage may be more representative of the size and habits of the predator than of the ecology of the surrounding area. This is a particularly acute problem in the analysis of small mammal fossil deposits, especially when the overall goal of the analysis is to gain further insight into the environment at the time of deposition. It is therefore necessary to identify the mode of accumulation, and, where appropriate, the predator(s) responsible. By comparison with the present-day behavior of these predator species, it is possible to recognize and account for any bias in the species representation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alexander, J. P., and Burger, B. J., 2001, Stratigraphy and taphonomy of Grizzly Buttes, Bridger Formation, and the middle Eocene of Wyoming, in: Eocene Biodiversity: Unusual Occurrences and Rarely Sampled Habitats (G. F. Gunnell, ed.), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 165–196.
Andrews, P., 1983, Small mammal diversity at Olduvai Gorge, in: Animals and Archaeology Vol. 1 Hunters and their Prey (J. C. Brook and C. Grigson, eds.), British Archaeological Reports, International Series, Oxford, pp. 77–85.
Andrews, P., 1990, Owls, Caves and Fossils, Chicago University Press, Chicago.
Andrews, P., and Evans, E. M. N., 1983, Small mammal bone accumulations produced by mammalian carnivores, Paleobiology 9:289–307.
Behrensmeyer, A. K., 1975, The taphonomy and paleoecology of Plio-Pleistocene vertebrate assemblages east of Lake Rudolf, Kenya, Bull. Mus. Compar. Zool. 146:473–578.
Berger, L. R., and Clarke, R. J., 1995, Eagle involvement in accumulation of the Taung child fauna, J. Human Evol. 29(3):275–299.
Brain, C. K., 1981, The Hunters or the Hunted, Chicago University Press, Chicago.
Brown, J. S., Kotler, B. P., Smith, R. J., and Wirtz, W. O., 1988, The effects of owl predation on the foraging behavior of heteromyid rodents, Oecologia 76:408–415.
Buckland, W., 1823, Reliquiae diluvianae; or observations of the organic remains contained in caves, fissures and diluvial gravel, and on other geological phenomenon, attesting to the action of an universal deluge, John Murray, London.
Chitty, D., 1996, Do Lemmings Commit Suicide? Beautiful Hypotheses and Ugly Facts, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Coetzee, C. G., 1972, The identification of southern African small mammal remains in owl pellets, Cimbebasia A(2):53–64.
Crandell, B. D., and Stahl, P. W., 1995, Human digestive effects on a micromammalian skeleton, J. Archaeol. Sci. 22:789–797.
Dauphin, Y., Denys, C., and Kowalski, K., 1997, Analysis of accumulations of rodent remains: Role of chemical composition of skeletal elements, Neues Jahrb. Geol. Paläontol. Abh. 203(3):295–315.
Dauphin, Y., Kowalski, C,. and Denys, C., 1994, Assemblage data and bone and teeth modifications as an aid to palaeoenvironmental interpretations of the open-air Pleistocene site of Tighenif (Algeria)., Quat. Res. 42:340–349.
Denys, C., Fernandez-Jalvo, F. and Dauphin, Y., 1995, Experimental taphonomy: preliminary results of the digestion of micromammalian bones in the laboratory, C. R. hebdomadaires Acad. Sci. Paris 321(2a):803–809.
Denys, C., Kowalski, K. and Dauphin, Y., 1992, Mechanical and chemical alterations of skeletal tissues in a recent Saharan accumulation of feaces from Vulpes rueppelli (Carnivora, Mammalia), Acta Zool. Cracoviensia 32(2):265–283.
Dodson, P., and Wexlar, D., 1979, Taphonomic investigation of owl pellets, Paleobiology 5:275–284.
Duke, G. E., Jegers, A. A., Loff, G., and Evanson, O. A., 1975, Gastric juice of some raptors, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A — Physiol. 50:649–656.
Dyczkowski, J., and Yalden, D. W., 1998, An estimate of the impact of predators on the British Field Voles Microtus agrestis population, Mamm. Rev. 28(4):165–184.
Elton, C., 1966, Animal Ecology, Methuen & Co, London.
Fernandez-Jalvo, Y., 1995, Small mammal taphonomy at La Trinchera de Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain). A remarkable example of taphonomic criteria used for stratigraphic correlations and palaeoenvironmental interpretations, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 114:167–195.
Fernandez-Jalvo, Y., 1996, Small mammal taphonomy and the Middle Pleistocene environments of Dolina, Northern Spain, Quat. Int. 33:21–34.
Fernandez-Jalvo, Y., and Andrews, P., 1992, Small mammal taphonomy of Gran Dolina, Atapuerca (Burgos), Spain, J. Archaeol. Sci. 19:407–428.
Fernandez-Jalvo, Y., Denys, C., Andrews, P., Williams, T., Dauphin, Y. and Humphrey, L., 1998, Taphonomyand Palaeoecology of Olduvai Bed-1 (Pleistocene, Tanzania), J. Human Evol. 34:137–172.
Fisher, D. C., 1981, Crocodilian scatology, micro vertebrate concentrations, and enamel-less teeth, Paleobiology 7:262–275.
Geering, K., 1990, A taphonomic analysis of recent masked owl (Tyto novaehollandiae castanops) pellets from Tasmania, in: Problem Solving in Taphonomy, Archaeological and Palaeontological Studies for Europe, Africa and Oceania (S. Solomon, I. Davidson, and D. Watson, eds.), Tempus, Queensland, pp. 135–143.
Glue, D. E., 1974, Food of the Barn owl in Britain and Ireland, Bird Study 21:200–210.
Grimm, R. J., and Whitehouse, W. M., 1963, Pellet formation in a Great-horned owl. A roentgenigraphic study, The Auk 80:301–306.
Grossman, M. L., and Hamlet, J., 1964, Birds of Prey of the World, Clarkson N. Potter, New York.
Hadly, E. A., 1999, Fidelity of terrestrial vertebrate fossils to a modern ecosystem, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 149:398–409.
Hanney, P., 1963, Observations upon the food of the Barn owl (Tyto alba) in Southern Nyasaland, with amethod of ascertaining population dynamics of rodent prey, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 65:305–313.
Harris, S., Morris, P., Wray, S., and Yalden, D., 1995, A Review of British Mammals: Population Estimates and Conservation Status of British Mammals Other Than Cetaceans, JNCC, Peterborough.
Haynes, G., 1980, Evidence of carnivore gnawing on Pleistocene and Recent mammalian bones, Paleobiology 6:341–351.
Haynes, G., 1983, A guide for differentiating mammalian carnivore taxa responsible for gnaw damage to herbivore limb bones, Paleobiology 9:164–172.
Henshilwood, C. S., 1997, Identifying the collector: evidence for human processing of the Cape dune mole-rat, Bathyergus suillus, from Blombos Cave, Southern Cape, South Africa, J. Archaeol. Sci. 24:659–662.
Hoffman, R., 1988, The contribution of raptorial birds to patterning in small mammal assemblages, Paleobiology 14:81–90.
Horwitz, L. K., and Goldberg, P., 1989, A study of Pleistocene and Holocene hyena coprolites, J. Archaeol. Sci. 16:71–94.
Jacobs, L. L., 1985, Review of ‘The Omo Micromammals’ by H.B. Wesselman, J. Vert. Paleontol. 5:281–283.
Korth, W. W., 1979, Taphonomy of micro vertebrate fossil assemblages, Annals Carnegie Mus. 48:235–285.
Kotler, B. P., Brown, J. S. and Hasson, O., 1991, Factors affecting gerbil foraging behavior and rates of owl predation, Ecology 72:2249–2260.
Kowalski, K., 1990, Some problems with the taphonomy of small mammals, in: International Symposium Evolution, Phylogeny and Biostratigraphy of Arvicolids (Rodentia, Mammalia) (O. Fejfar and W. D. Heinrich, eds.), Geological Survey, Prague, pp. 285–295.
Kusmer, K. D., 1990, Taphonomy of owl pellet deposition, J. Paleontol. 64:629–637.
Love, R. A., Webbon, C., Glue, D. and Harris, S., 2000, Changes in the food of British Barn Owls (Tyto alba) between 1974 and 1997, Mamm. Rev. 30(2):107–129.
Mayhew, D. F., 1977, Avian predators as accumulators of fossil mammal material, Boreas 6:25–31.
Mellett, J. S., 1974, Scatological origin of micro vertebrate fossil accumulations, Science 185:349–350.
Montgomery, W. I., 1975, On the relationship between sub-fossil and recent British Water voles, Mamm. Rev. 5:23–29.
Murphey, P. C., Torick, L. L., Bray, E. S., Chandler, R., and Evanoff, E., 2001, Taphonomy, fauna and depositional environment of the Omomys Quarry, an unusual accumulation from the Bridger Formation (Middle Eocene) of Southwestern Wyoming (USA), in: Eocene Biodiversity: Unusual Occurrences and Rarely Sampled Habitats (G. F. Gunnell, ed.), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 361–402.
Raczynski, J., and Ruprecht, A. C., 1974, The effects of digestion on the osteological composition of owl pellets, Acta Ornithol. 14:1–12.
Rautenbach, I. L., 1978, Ecological distribution of the mammals of the Transvaal, Annals Transvaal Mus. 31:131–157.
Saavedra, B., and Simonetti, J. A., 1998, Small mammal taphonomy: intraspecific bone assemblage comparison between South and North American barn owl Tyto alba populations, J. Archaeol. Sci. 25:165–170.
Schmitt, D. N., and Juell, K. E., 1994, Towards the identification of coyote scatological faunal accumulations in archaeological contexts, J. Archaeol. Sci. 21:249–262.
Simonetti, J. A., and Cornejo, L. E., 1991, Archaeological evidence of rodent consumption in central Chile, Latin Am. Antiquity 2:92–96.
Stewart, K. M., Leblanc, L., Matthiesen, D. P., and West, J., 1999, Microfaunal remains from a modern east African raptor roost: patterning and implications for fossil bone scatters, Paleobiology 24:483–503.
Taylor, I., 1994, Barn Owls: Predator-Prey Relationships and Conservation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Thornton, M. L., and Rasmussen, D. T., 2001, Taphonomic interpretation of Gnat-Out-of-Hell, an Early Uintan small mammal locality in the Unita Formation, Utah, in: Eocene Biodiversity: Unusual Occurrences and Rarely Sampled Habitats (G. F. Gunnell, ed.), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 299–316.
Voorhies, M. R., 1969, Taphonomy and population dynamics of an early Pliocene vertebrate fauna, Knox County, Nebraska, Univ. Wyoming Contrib. Geol., Spec. Paper 1:1–69.
Walton, A. H., 1990, Owl pellets and the fossil record, in: Evolutionary Paleobiology of Behavior and Coevolution (by A. J. Boucot), Elsevier, New York, pp. 233–241.
Wesselman, H. B., 1984, The Omo Micromammals, Contributions to Vertebrate Evolution 7, Karger, London.
Williams, J. P., 2001, Small mammal deposits in archaeology: a taphonomic investigation of Tyto alba (barn owl) nesting and roosting sites. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sheffield.
Yalden, D. W., 1999, The History of British Mammals, T & AD Poyser Natural History, London.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Williams, J.P. (2003). Bones of Comprehension. In: Kelley, P.H., Kowalewski, M., Hansen, T.A. (eds) Predator—Prey Interactions in the Fossil Record. Topics in Geobiology, vol 20. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0161-9_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0161-9_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-4947-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0161-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive