Abstract
Regional rates of 13C incorporation from glucose to glutamate were detected in anesthetized rat brain in vivo at 7T with high temporal and spatial resolution using NMR method ICED PEPSI (in vivo carbon edited detection with proton echo planar spectroscopic imaging). Time courses of regional glutamate 13C turnover were fitted by a metabolic model to obtain regional tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO2) in each voxel (8µL) of rat cortex. CMRO2 maps obtained for rats under either α-chloralose or morphine anesthesia revealed average cortical values of 1.5± 0.2 (n=3) and 3.2 ± 0.3 (n=4)µmol/g/min, respectively. These values of CMRO2 are in good agreement with previous cortical measurements with coarser spatial resolution. The heterogeneity within each map, which depicted predominantly gray and white matter differences, was significantly greater under morphine (higher cortical activity) than under α-chloralose (lower cortical activity) anesthesia. The regional variations in the basal awake state, which are expected to be even greater, should be considered to avoid partial-volume artifacts in functional activation studies of awake subjects.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Shulman RG, Rothman DL, Hyder F. Stimulated changes in localized cerebral energy consumption under anesthesia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:3245–325.
Behar KL, Petroff OAC, Prichard JW, Alger JR, Shulman RG. Detection of metabolites in rabbit brain by 13C NMR spectroscopy following administration of [1-13C]glucose. Mag Reson Med 1986;3:911–920.
Fitzpatrick SM, Hetherington HP, Behar KL, Shulman RG. The flux from glucose to glutamine in the rat brain in vivo as determined by 1H-observed, 13C-edited NMR spectroscopy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1990;10:170–179.
Inubushi T, Morikawa S, Kito K, Arai T. 1H-detected in vivo 13C NMR spectroscopy and imaging at 2T magnetic field: efficient monitoring of 13C-labeled metabolites in the rat brain derived from [1-13C]glucose. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993;191:866–872.
Rothman DL, Sibson NR, Hyder F, Shen J, Behar KL, Shulman RG. In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of the relationship between the glutamateglutamine neurotransmitter cycle and functional neuroenergetics. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 1999;354:1165–1177.
Sokoloff L, Reivich M, Kennedy C, des Rosiers MH, Patlak CS, Pettigrew KD, Sakurada O, Shinohara M. The [14C]deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization: theory, procedure, and normal values in the conscious and anesthetized albino rat. J Neurochem 1977;28:897–916.
Matsui S, Sekihara K, Kohno H. High-speed spatially resolved high-resolution NMR spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 1985;107:2817–2818.
Hyder F, Renken R, Rothman DL. In vivo carbon edited detection with proton echo planar spectroscopic imaging (ICED PEPSI): [3,4-13CH2]glutamate/glutamine tomography in rat brain. Magn Reson Med 1999;42:997–1003.
Ordidge RI, Connelly A, Lohman AB. Image-selected in vivo spectroscopy (ISIS). A new technique for spatially selective NMR spectroscopy. J Magn Reson 1986;66:283–294.
Hyder F, Petroff OA, Mattson RH, Rothman DL. Localized 1H NMR measurements of 2-pyrrolidinone in human brain in vivo. Magn Reson Med 1999;41:889–896.
Hyder F, Rothman DL, Blamire AM. Image reconstruction of sequentially sampled echo-planar data. Magn Reson Imaging 1995;13:97–103.
Mason GF, Rothman DL, Behar KL, Shulman RG (1992) NMR determination of the TCA cycle rate and -ketoglutarate/glutamate exchange rate in rat brain J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12:434–447
Mason GF, Behar KL, Rothman DL, Shulman RG. NMR determination of glucose concentration and transport kinetics in rat brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992;12:448–455.
Hyder F, Chase JR, Behar KL, Mason GF, Siddeek M, Rothman DL, Shulman RG. Increase tricarboxylic acid cycle flux in rat brain during forepaw stimulation detected with 1H [13C] NMR. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:7612–7617.
Hyder F, Rothman DL, Mason GF, Rangarajan A, Behar KL, Shulman RG. Oxidative glucose metabolism in rat brain during single forepaw stimulation: a spatially localized 1H [13C] nuclear magnetic resonance study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1997;17:1040–1047.
Hyder F, Kennan RP, Kida I, Mason GF, Behar KL, Rothman DL. Dependence of oxygen delivery on blood flow in rat brain: A 7 Tesla NMR study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002;20:485–498.
Hyder F, Shulman RG, Rothman DL. A model for the regulation of cerebral oxygen delivery. J Appl Physiol 1998;85:554–564.
Brown TR, Kincaid BM, Ugurbil K. NMR chemical shift imaging in three dimensions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982;79:3523–3526.
Maudsley AA, Matson GB, Hugg JW, Weiner WM. Reduced phase encoding in spectroscopic imaging. Magn Reson Med 1994;31:645–651
Garwood M, Merkle H. Heteronuclear spectral editing with adiabatic pulses. J Magn Reson 1991;94:180–185
de Graaf RA, Nicolay K, Garwood M. Single-shot, Bl-insensitive slice selection with a gradient-modulated adiabatic pulse. BISS-8 Mag Reson Med 1996;35:652–657
Hetherington HP, Pan JW, Mason GF, Adams D, Vaughn MJ, Tweig DB, Pohost GM. Quantitative 1H spectroscopic imaging of human brain at 4.1T using image segmentation. Magn Reson Med 1996;36:21–29
Hyder F, Rothman DL, Shulman RG. Total neuroenergetics support localized brain activity: Implications for the interpretation of fMRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:10771–10776.
Smith AJ, Blumenfeld H, Behar KL, Rothman DL, Shulman RG, Hyder F. Cerebral energetics and spiking frequency: The neurophysiological basis of fMRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:10765–10770.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hyder, F., Brown, P., Nixon, T.W., Behar, K.L. (2003). Mapping Cerebral Glutamate 13C Turnover and Oxygen Consumption by in Vivo NMR. In: Dunn, J.F., Swartz, H.M. (eds) Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXIV. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 530. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0075-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0075-9_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-4912-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0075-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive