Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Peer Relationships and the Development of Psychopathology

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology

Abstract

Merely a half century ago, research examining contextual correlates of youth psychopathology focused almost exclusively on parental factors (Hartup, 1970). Several influential initial studies revealed that children and young adults experiencing significant emotional difficulties could be identified by their troubling experiences with peers earlier in childhood (e.g., Roff, 1961). Soon after, follow-forward studies revealed that children who were disliked by their peers appeared to be at greater risk for a host of later negative outcomes, including delinquent or criminal activity and various symptoms of psychopathology (e.g., Coie, Terry, Lenox, Lochman, & Hyman, 1995). These findings contributed to an emphasis on understanding how children’s peer status, or acceptance/rejection among peers, may be associated with later psychopathology. Over time, researchers began to take interest in developmental antecedents or determinants of children’s peer status and in more broadly understanding the nature of early childhood peer experiences. Soon, an awareness of other types of peer relationships began to dominate researchers’ interest. For instance, studies revealed that youths’ success in dyadic relationships was orthogonal to their status within the overall peer group (Hartup, 1996). Children’s formation, maintenance, and quality of friendships soon became a focus of research; associations among aspects of friendships and adjustment also proliferated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allen, J. P., Porter, M. R., McFarland, F. C., Marsh, P., & McElhaney, K. (2005). The two faces of adolescents’ success with peers: Adolescent popularity, social adaptation, and deviant behavior. Child Development, 76(3), 747–760. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00875.x.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berndt, T. J., & McCandless, M. A. (2009). Methods for investigating children’s relationships with friends. In K. H. Rubin, W. M. Bukowski, & B. Laursen (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (pp. 63–81). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bierman, K., & Wargo, J. B. (1995). Predicting the longitudinal course associated with aggressive-rejected, aggressive (nonrejected), and rejected (nonaggressive) status. Development and Psychopathology, 7(4), 669–682. doi:10.1017/S0954579400006775.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blachman, D. R., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2002). Patterns of friendship among girls with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(6), 625–640. doi:10.1023/A:1020815814973.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borelli, J. L., & Prinstein, M. J. (2006). Reciprocal, longitudinal associations among adolescents’ negative feedback-seeking, depressive symptoms, and peer relations. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34(2), 159–169. doi:10.1007/s10802-005-9010-y.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boulton, M. J., Trueman, M., Chau, C., Whitehand, C., & Amatya, K. (1999). Concurrent and longitudinal links between friendship and peer victimization: Implications for befriending interventions. Journal of Adolescence, 22(4), 461–466. doi:10.1006/jado.1999.0240.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boulton, M. J., & Underwood, K. (1992). Bully/victim problems among middle school children. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 62(1), 73–87. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1992.tb01000.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brechwald, W. A., & Prinstein, M. J. (2011). Beyond homophily: A decade of advances in understanding peer influence processes. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 166–179. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00721.x.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brendgen, M., & Boivin, M. (2009). Genetic factors in children’s peer relations. In K. H. Rubin, W. M. Bukowski, & B. Laursen (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (pp. 455–472). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brendgen, M., Boivin, M., Vitaro, F., Girard, A., Dionne, G., & Pérusse, D. (2008). Gene-environment interaction between peer victimization and child aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 20(2), 455–471. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000229.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brendgen, M., Vitaro, F., Bukowski, W. M., Dionne, G., Tremblay, R., & Boivin, M. (2013). Can friends protect genetically vulnerable children from depression? Development and Psychopathology., 25, 277–289. doi:10.1017/S0954579412001058.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burk, W. J., Steglich, C. E. G., & Snijders, T. A. B. (2007). Beyond dyadic interdependence: Actor-oriented models for co-evolving social networks and individual behaviors. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31(4), 397–404. doi:10.1177/0165025407077762.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burk, W. J., Van der Vorst, H., Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2012). Alcohol use and friendship dynamics: Selection and socialization in early-, middle-, and late-adolescent peer networks. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 73(1), 89–98. Retrieved from http://www.jsad.com/.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burks, V., Dodge, K. A., & Price, J. M. (1995). Models of internalizing outcomes of early rejection. Development and Psychopathology, 7(4), 683–695. doi:10.1017/S0954579400006787.

    Google Scholar 

  • Card, N. A., & Little, T. D. (2006). Proactive and reactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis of differential relations with psychosocial adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(5), 466–480. doi:10.1177/0165025406071904.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caplan, M. Z., & Hay, D. F. (1989). Preschoolers’ responses to peers’ distress and beliefs about bystander intervention. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30(2), 231-242. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00237.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cardoos, S. L., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2011). Friendship as protection from peer victimization for girls with and without ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(7), 1035–1045. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9517-3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X., Chung, J., & Hsiao, C. (2009). Peer interactions and relationships from a cross-cultural perspective. In K. H. Rubin, W. M. Bukowski, & B. Laursen (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (pp. 432–451). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cillessen, A. H., & Mayeux, L. (2004). From censure to reinforcement: Developmental changes in the association between aggression and social status. Child Development, 75(1), 147–163. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00660.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cillessen, A. H., Van Ijzendoorn, H. W., Van Lieshout, C. F., & Hartup, W. W. (1992). Heterogeneity among peer-rejected boys: Subtypes and stabilities. Child Development, 63(4), 893–905. doi:10.2307/1131241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, G. L., & Prinstein, M. J. (2006). Peer contagion of aggression and health-risk behavior among adolescent males: An experimental investigation of effects on public conduct and private attitudes. Child Development, 77(4), 967–983. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00913.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coie, J. D., & Dodge, K. A. (1983). Continuities and changes in children’s social status: A five-year longitudinal study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29(3), 261–282. Retrieved from http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/mpq/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coie, J. D., & Kupersmidt, J. B. (1983). A behavioral analysis of emerging social status in boys’ groups. Child Development, 54(6), 1400–1416. doi:10.2307/1129803.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coie, J. D., Terry, R., Lenox, K., Lochman, J. E., & Hyman, C. (1995). Childhood peer rejection and aggression as predictors of stable patterns of adolescent disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 7(4), 697–713. doi:10.1017/S0954579400006799.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, S. W. (2009). Social regulation of human gene expression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(3), 132–137. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01623.x.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, N. R., & Bigbee, M. A. (1998). Relational and overt forms of peer victimization: A multiinformant approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(2), 337–347. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.66.2.337.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information processing mechanisms in children’s social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115(1), 74–101. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1996). Children’s treatment by peers: Victims of relational and overt aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 8(2), 367–380. doi:10.1017/S0954579400007148.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Los Reyes, A., & Prinstein, M. J. (2004). Applying depression-distortion hypotheses to the assessment of peer victimization in adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(2), 325–335. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3302_14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denham, S. A., McKinley, M. J., Couchoud, E. A., & Holt, R. (1990). Emotional and behavioral predictors of preschool peer ratings. Child Development, 61(4), 1145–1152. doi:10.2307/1130882.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dishion, T. J., Capaldi, D., Spracklen, K. M., & Li, F. (1995). Peer ecology of male adolescent drug use. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 803–824. doi:10.1017/S0954579400006854.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dishion, T. J., Eddy, M. J., Haas, E., Li, F., & Spracklen, K. (1997). Friendships and violent behavior during adolescence. Social Development, 6, 207–223. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.1997.tb00102.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dishion, T. J., Nelson, S. E., Winter, C. E., & Bullock, B. (2004). Adolescent friendship as a dynamic system: Entropy and deviance in the etiology and course of male antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32(6), 651–663. doi:10.1023/B:JACP.0000047213.31812.21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dishion, T. J., & Owen, L. D. (2002). A longitudinal analysis of friendships and substance use: Bidirectional influence from adolescence to adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 38(4), 480–491. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.4.480.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dishion, T. J., Patterson, G. R., & Griesler, P. C. (1994). Peer adaptations in the development of antisocial behavior: A confluence model. In L. Huesmann (Ed.), Aggressive behavior: Current perspectives (pp. 61–95). New York, NY: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dishion, T. J., Patterson, G. R., Stoolmiller, M. M., & Skinner, M. L. (1991). Family, school, and behavioral antecedents to early adolescent involvement with antisocial peers. Developmental Psychology, 27(1), 172–180. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.27.1.172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dishion, T. J., Véronneau, M., & Myers, M. W. (2010). Cascading peer dynamics underlying the progression from problem behavior to violence in early to late adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 22(3), 603–619. doi:10.1017/S0954579410000313.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1990). Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science, 250(4988), 1678–1683. doi:10.1126/science.2270481.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children’s peer groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(6), 1146–1158. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.6.1146.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., Greenberg, M. T., Malone, P. S., & The Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2008). Testing an idealized dynamic cascade model of the development of serious violence in adolescence. Child Development, 79(6), 1907–1927. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01233.x.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., Lansford, J. E., Burks, V., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., Fontaine, R., et al. (2003). Peer rejection and social information processing factors in the development of aggressive behavior problems in children. Child Development, 74(2), 374–393. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.7402004.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eder, D. (1985). The cycle of popularity: Interpersonal relations among female adolescents. Sociology of Education, 58(3), 154–165. doi:10.2307/2112416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egan, S. K., & Perry, D. G. (1998). Does low self-regard invite victimization? Developmental Psychology, 34(2), 299–309. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.2.299.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fabes, R. A., Martin, C., & Hanish, L. D. (2009). Children’s behaviors and interactions with peers. In K. H. Rubin, W. M. Bukowski, & B. Laursen (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (pp. 45–62). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fein, G. G. (1981). Pretend play in childhood: An integrative review. Child Development, 52(4), 1095–1118. doi:10.2307/1129497.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, S., Rosenthal, D. R., Brown, N. L., & Canning, R. D. (1995). Predicting sexual experience in adolescent boys from peer rejection and acceptance during childhood. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 5(4), 387–411. doi:10.1207/s15327795jra0504_1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furman, W. (1989). The development of children’s social networks. In D. Belle (Ed.), Children’s social networks and social supports (pp. 151–172). Oxford: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Coll, C., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B. H., et al. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67(5), 1891–1914. doi:10.2307/1131600.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gershman, E. S., & Hayes, D. S. (1983). Differential stability of reciprocal friendships and unilateral relationships among preschool children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29(2), 169–177. Retrieved from http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/mpq/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Blanton, H., & Russell, D. W. (1998). Reasoned action and social reaction: Willingness and intention as independent predictors of health risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1164–1180. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1164.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giletta, M., Scholte, R. J., Burk, W. J., Engels, R. E., Larsen, J. K., Prinstein, M. J., et al. (2011). Similarity in depressive symptoms in adolescents’ friendship dyads: Selection or socialization? Developmental Psychology, 47(6), 1804–1814. doi:10.1037/a0023872.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, M., Stormshak, E. A., & Dishion, T. J. (2001). The significance of peer victimization at two points in development. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22(5), 507–526. doi:10.1016/S0193-3973(01)00091-0.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorman, A., Schwartz, D., Nakamoto, J., & Mayeux, L. (2011). Unpopularity and disliking among peers: Partially distinct dimensions of adolescents’ social experiences. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 32(4), 208–217. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2011.05.001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, S., Bellmore, A., Nishina, A., & Juvonen, J. (2009). “It must be me”: Ethnic diversity and attributions for peer victimization in middle school. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(4), 487–499. doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9386-4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, S., & Juvonen, J. (1998). Self-blame and peer victimization in middle school: An attributional analysis. Developmental Psychology, 34(3), 587–599. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.3.587.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, S., Taylor, A. Z., & Ho, A. Y. (2009). Race and ethnicity in peer relations research. In K. H. Rubin, W. M. Bukowski, & B. Laursen (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (pp. 394–413). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grills, A. E., & Ollendick, T. H. (2002). Peer victimization, global self-worth, and anxiety in middle school children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(1), 59–68. doi:10.1207/153744202753441675.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammen, C., & Rudolph, K. D. (2003). Childhood mood disorders. In E. J. Mash & R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Child psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 233–278). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hankin, B. L., Stone, L., & Wright, P. (2010). Corumination, interpersonal stress generation, and internalizing symptoms: Accumulating effects and transactional influences in a multiwave study of adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 22(1), 217–235. doi:10.1017/S0954579409990368.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harden, K., Hill, J. E., Turkheimer, E., & Emery, R. E. (2008). Gene-environment correlation and interaction in peer effects on adolescent alcohol and tobacco use. Behavior Genetics, 38(4), 339–347. doi:10.1007/s10519-008-9202-7.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harter, S., Stocker, C., & Robinson, N. S. (1996). The perceived directionality of the link between approval and self-worth: The liabilities of a looking glass self-orientation among young adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 6(3), 285–308. Retrieved from http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=1050-8392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartup, W. W. (1970). Peer interaction and social organization. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Manual of child psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 2). New York, NY: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartup, W. W. (1996). The company they keep: Friendships and their developmental significance. Child Development, 67(1), 1–13. doi:10.2307/1131681.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawley, P. H., & Geldhof, G. (2012). Preschoolers’ social dominance, moral cognition, and moral behavior: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 112(1), 18–35. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2011.10.004.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heilbron, N., & Prinstein, M. J. (2010). Adolescent peer victimization, peer status, suicidal ideation, and nonsuicidal self-injury. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 56(3), 388–419. doi:10.1353/mpq.0.0049.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, E. E., Boivin, M., Vitaro, F., & Bukowski, W. M. (1999). The power of friendship: Protection against an escalating cycle of peer victimization. Developmental Psychology, 35(1), 94–101. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, E. E., Malone, M. J., & Perry, D. G. (1997). Individual risk and social risk as interacting determinants of victimization in the peer group. Developmental Psychology, 33(6), 1032–1039. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.1032.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, E. E., & Perry, D. G. (1999). Personal and interpersonal antecedents and consequences of victimization by peers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(4), 677–685. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.4.677.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hymel, S., Rubin, K. H., Rowden, L., & LeMare, L. (1990). Children’s peer relationships: Longitudinal prediction of internalizing and externalizing problems from middle to late childhood. Child Development, 61(6), 2004–2021. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1990.tb03582.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jose, P. E., Kljakovic, M., Scheib, E., & Notter, O. (2012). The joint development of traditional bullying and victimization with cyber bullying and victimization in adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22(2), 301–309. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2011.00764.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochenderfer-Ladd, B. (2003). Identification of aggressive and asocial victims and the stability of their peer victimization. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 49, 401–425. Retrieved from: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/mpq/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochenderfer-Ladd, B., & Skinner, K. (2002). Children’s coping strategies: Moderators of the effects of peer victimization? Developmental Psychology, 38(2), 267–278. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.2.267.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kochenderfer-Ladd, B., & Wardrop, J. L. (2001). Chronicity and instability of children’s peer victimization experiences as predictors of loneliness and social satisfaction trajectories. Child Development, 72(1), 134–151. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00270.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • La Greca, A. M., & Prinstein, M. J. (1999). Peer group. In W. K. Silverman & T. H. Ollendick (Eds.), Developmental issues in the clinical treatment of children (pp. 171–198). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladd, G. W. (2009). Trends, travails, and turning points in early research on children’s peer relationships: Legacies and lessons for our time? In K. H. Rubin, W. M. Bukowski, & B. Laursen (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (pp. 20–41). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladd, G. W., Kochenderfer, B. J., & Coleman, C. C. (1997). Classroom peer acceptance, friendship, and victimization: Distinct relational systems that contribute uniquely to children’s school adjustment? Child Development, 68(6), 1181–1197. doi:10.2307/1132300.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lansford, J. E., Malone, P. S., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (2010). Developmental cascades of peer rejection, social information processing biases, and aggression during middle childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 22(3), 593–602. doi:10.1017/S0954579410000301.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laursen, B., Bukowski, W. M., Aunola, K., & Nurmi, J. (2007). Friendship moderates prospective associations between social isolation and adjustment problems in young children. Child Development, 78(4), 1395–1404. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01072.x.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lochman, J. E., & Wayland, K. K. (1994). Aggression, social acceptance, and race as predictors of negative adolescent outcomes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(7), 1026–1035. doi:10.1097/00004583-199409000-00014.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, C., & DuBois, D. L. (2005). Peer victimization and rejection: Investigation of an integrative model of effects on emotional, behavioral, and academic adjustment in early adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34(1), 25–36. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magnusson, D., & Stattin, H. (1998). Person-context interaction theories. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (Theoretical models of human development 5th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 685–759). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2010). Developmental cascades. Development and Psychopathology, 22(3), 491–495. doi:10.1017/S0954579410000222.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayeux, L., Sandstrom, M. J., & Cillessen, A. N. (2008). Is being popular a risky proposition? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18(1), 49–74. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2008.00550.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Hilt, L. M. (2009). Emotion dysregulation as a mechanism linking peer victimization to internalizing symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(5), 894–904. doi:10.1037/a0015760.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mercken, L., Steglich, C., Sinclair, P., Holliday, J., & Moore, L. (2012). A longitudinal social network analysis of peer influence, peer selection, and smoking behavior among adolescents in British schools. Health Psychology, 31(4), 450–459. doi:10.1037/a0026876.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, E., & Brenner, J. (1977). The origins of social skills and interaction among playgroup toddlers. Child Development, 48(3), 854–861. doi:10.2307/1128334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray-Close, D., Hoza, B., Hinshaw, S. P., Arnold, L., Swanson, J., Jensen, P. S., et al. (2010). Developmental processes in peer problems of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in The Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD: Developmental cascades and vicious cycles. Development and Psychopathology, 22(4), 785–802. doi:10.1017/S0954579410000465.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newcomb, A. F., & Bagwell, C. L. (1996). The developmental significance of children’s friendship relations. In W. M. Bukowski, A. F. Newcomb, & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), The company they keep: Friendship in childhood and adolescence (pp. 289–321). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olweus, D. (1978). Aggression in the schools: Bullies and whipping boys. Oxford: Hemisphere.

    Google Scholar 

  • Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Bean, R. A. (2009). Negative and positive peer influence: Relations to positive and negative behaviors for African American, European American, and Hispanic adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 32(2), 323–337. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.02.003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parkhurst, J. T., & Hopmeyer, A. (1998). Sociometric popularity and peer-perceived popularity: Two distinct dimensions of peer status. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 18(2), 125–144. doi:10.1177/0272431698018002001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, D. G., Kusel, S. J., & Perry, L. C. (1988). Victims of peer aggression. Developmental Psychology, 24(6), 807–814. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.24.6.807.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prinstein, M. J. (2007). Moderators of peer contagion: A longitudinal examination of depression socialization between adolescents and their best friends. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36(2), 159–170. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1040.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prinstein, M. J., Boergers, J., & Vernberg, E. M. (2001). Overt and relational aggression in adolescents: Social-psychological adjustment of aggressors and victims. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30(4), 479–491. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3004_05.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prinstein, M. J., Borelli, J. L., Cheah, C. L., Simon, V. A., & Aikins, J. (2005). Adolescent girls’ interpersonal vulnerability to depressive symptoms: A longitudinal examination of reassurance-seeking and peer relationships. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(4), 676–688. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.676.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prinstein, M. J., Cheah, C. L., & Guyer, A. E. (2005). Peer victimization, cue interpretation, and internalizing symptoms: Preliminary concurrent and longitudinal findings for children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34(1), 11–24. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prinstein, M. J., Choukas-Bradley, S. C., Helms, S. W., Brechwald, W. A., & Rancourt, D. (2011). High peer popularity longitudinally predicts adolescent health risk behavior, or does it? An examination of linear and quadratic associations. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 36(9), 980–990. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsr053.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prinstein, M. J., & Cillessen, A. N. (2003). Forms and functions of adolescent peer aggression associated with high levels of peer status. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 49(3), 310–342. doi:10.1353/mpq.2003.0015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prinstein, M. J., Guerry, J. D., Browne, C. B., Rancourt, D., & Nock, M. K. (2009). Interpersonal models of nonsuicidal self-injury. In M. K. Nock (Ed.), Understanding nonsuicidal self-injury: Origins, assessment, and treatment (pp. 79–98). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11875-005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prinstein, M. J., & La Greca, A. M. (2004). Childhood peer rejection and aggression as predictors of adolescent girls’ externalizing and health risk behaviors: A 6-year longitudinal study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 103–112. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.72.1.103.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prinstein, M. J., Rancourt, D., Guerry, J. D., & Browne, C. B. (2009). Peer reputations and psychological adjustment. In K. H. Rubin, W. M. Bukowski, & B. Laursen (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (pp. 548–567). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rancourt, D., Conway, C. C., Burk, W. J., & Prinstein, M. J. (2013). Gender composition of preadolescents’ friendship groups moderates peer socialization of body change behaviors. Health Psychology., 32, 283–292. doi:10.1037/a0027980.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rancourt, D., & Prinstein, M. J. (2010). Peer status and victimization as possible reinforcements of adolescent girls’ and boys’ weight-related behaviors and cognitions. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35(4), 354–367. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsp067.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reavis, R. D., Keane, S. P., & Calkins, S. D. (2010). Trajectories of peer victimization: The role of multiple relationships. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 56(3), 303–332. doi:10.1353/mpq.0.0055.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reich, S. M., Subrahmanyam, K., & Espinoza, G. (2012). Friending, IMing, and hanging out face-to-face: Overlap in adolescents’ online and offline social networks. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 356–368. doi:10.1037/a0026980.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reijntjes, A., Kamphuis, J. H., Prinzie, P., Boelen, P. A., van der Schoot, M., & Telch, M. J. (2011). Prospective linkages between peer victimization and externalizing problems in children: A meta-analysis. Aggressive Behavior, 37(3), 215–222. doi:10.1002/ab.20374.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reijntjes, A., Kamphuis, J. H., Prinzie, P., & Telch, M. J. (2010). Peer victimization and internalizing problems in children: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34(4), 244–252. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.009.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2002). Risky families: Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychological Bulletin, 128(2), 330–366. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.330.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rock, P. F., Cole, D. J., Houshyar, S., Lythcott, M., & Prinstein, M. J. (2011). Peer status in an ethnic context: Associations with African American adolescents’ ethnic identity. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 32, 163–169. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2011.03.002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roff, M. M. (1961). Childhood social interactions and young adult bad conduct. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63(2), 333–337. doi:10.1037/h0041004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, A. J. (2002). Co-rumination in the friendships of girls and boys. Child Development, 73(6), 1830–1843. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00509.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, A. J., Carlson, W., & Waller, E. M. (2007). Prospective associations of co-rumination with friendship and emotional adjustment: Considering the socioemotional trade-offs of co-rumination. Developmental Psychology, 43(4), 1019–1031. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.1019.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudolph, K. D., Hammen, C., & Burge, D. (1994). Interpersonal functioning and depressive symptoms in childhood: Addressing the issues of specificity and comorbidity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22(3), 355–371. doi:10.1007/BF02168079.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudolph, K. D., Troop-Gordon, W., & Granger, D. A. (2010). Peer victimization and aggression: Moderation by individual differences in salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(6), 843–856. doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9412-3.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudolph, K. D., Troop-Gordon, W., & Granger, D. A. (2011). Individual differences in biological stress responses moderate the contribution of early peer victimization to subsequent depressive symptoms. Psychopharmacology, 214(1), 209–219. doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1879-7.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudolph, K. D., Troop-Gordon, W., Hessel, E. T., & Schmidt, J. D. (2011). A latent growth curve analysis of early and increasing peer victimization as predictors of mental health across elementary school. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40(1), 111–122. doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.533413.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salmivalli, C., & Peets, K. (2009). Bullies, victims, and bully-victim relationships in middle childhood and early adolescence. In K. H. Rubin, W. M. Bukowski, & B. Laursen (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (pp. 322–340). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sameroff, A. (2009). The transactional model of development: How children and contexts shape each other. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11877-000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, D. (2000). Subtypes of victims and aggressors in children’s peer groups. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(2), 181–192. doi:10.1023/A:1005174831561.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz-Mette, R. A., & Rose, A. J. (2012). Co-rumination mediates contagion of internalizing symptoms within youth’s friendships. Developmental Psychology, 48, 1355–1365. doi:10.1037/a0027484.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snijders, T. A. B., Steglich, C. E. G., Schweinberger, M., & Huisman, M. (2006). Manual for SIENA, version 3. Groningen: University of Groningen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stadler, C., Feifel, J., Rohrmann, S., Vermeiren, R., & Poustka, F. (2010). Peer-victimization and mental health problems in adolescents: Are parental and school support protective? Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 41(4), 371–386. doi:10.1007/s10578-010-0174-5.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stice, E., Maxfield, J., & Wells, T. (2003). Adverse effects of social pressure to be thin on young women: An experimental investigation of the effects of ‘fat talk’. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 34(1), 108–117. doi:10.1002/eat.10171.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, L. B., Hankin, B. L., Gibb, B. E., & Abela, J. Z. (2011). Co-rumination predicts the onset of depressive disorders during adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(3), 752–757. doi:10.1037/a0023384.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugimura, N., & Rudolph, K. D. (2012). Temperamental differences in children’s reactions to peer victimization. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41(3), 314–328. doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.656555.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood, M. K., Rosen, L. H., More, D., Ehrenreich, S. E., & Gentsch, J. K. (2012). The BlackBerry project: Capturing the content of adolescents’ text messaging. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 295–302. doi:10.1037/a0025914.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Lier, P., Boivin, M., Dionne, G., Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., Koot, H., et al. (2007). Kindergarten children’s genetic variabilities interact with friends’ aggression to promote children’s own aggression. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(8), 1080–1087. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e318067733e.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandell, D. L., Wilson, K. S., & Buchanan, N. R. (1980). Peer interaction in the first year of life: An examination of its structure, content, and sensitivity to toys. Child Development, 51(2), 481–488. doi:10.2307/1129282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vernberg, E. M. (1990). Psychological adjustment and experiences with peers during early adolescence: Reciprocal, incidental, or unidirectional relationships? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18(2), 187–198. doi:10.1007/BF00910730.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., Iannotti, R. J., Luk, J. W., & Nansel, T. R. (2010). Co-occurrence of victimization from five subtypes of bullying: Physical, verbal, social exclusion, spreading rumors, and cyber. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35(10), 1103–1112. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsq048.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wasserstein, S. B., & La Greca, A. M. (1996). Can peer support buffer against behavioral consequences of parental discord? Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25(2), 177–182. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2502_6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zettergren, P., Bergman, L. R., & Wångby, M. (2006). Girls’ stable peer status and their adulthood adjustment: A longitudinal study from age 10 to age 43. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(4), 315–325. doi:10.1177/0165025406072793.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA

    Sophia Choukas-Bradley M.A. & Mitchell J. Prinstein Ph.D., A.B.P.P.

Authors
  1. Sophia Choukas-Bradley M.A.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mitchell J. Prinstein Ph.D., A.B.P.P.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sophia Choukas-Bradley M.A. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for the Study of Child Development, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

    Michael Lewis

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA

    Karen D. Rudolph

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Choukas-Bradley, S., Prinstein, M.J. (2014). Peer Relationships and the Development of Psychopathology. In: Lewis, M., Rudolph, K. (eds) Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9608-3_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation