Abstract
This chapter, which represents the central focus of the monograph, analyzes issues relating to the globalization of archaeological heritage management, the globalization of archaeology itself, and the recovery of the elitist heritage, cultural diversity, and the protection of heritage and the collective memory, all recurring themes in the management of cultural assets nowadays. Parallel to this, consideration is given to the lack of regional policies designed to extend the local community’s appreciation of the precolonial (Amazigh) heritage of the Canary Islands, in order to enhance the value of the indigenous archaeological heritage in society. The case of Gran Canaria is unique, as it is one of the few islands with an integrated heritage management policy that pays genuine attention to the indigenous past. Protection of the indigenous archaeological heritage is also analyzed in this chapter and, within this context, examples are provided of different archaeological parks and certain issues regarding tourism, conservation, and the social diffusion of archaeological heritage are discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Article 39.9 of the Statutes of Autonomy of the Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands marked the exclusive transfer of responsibility for the historical, artistic, archaeological, ethnographic, and paleontological heritage to the Canarian Directorate-General for Historical Heritage.
- 2.
The Island Council is a modern administrative body exclusive to the Canary Islands, whose origins lie in the councils or governing boards of the old regime. They are the administrative bodies that exist on each of the islands in the archipelago (El Hierro, La Gomera, La Palma, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, and Fuerteventura).
- 3.
- 4.
- 5.
The work of the Moroccan linguist Ahmed Sabir (2008), focusing on an analysis of the linguistic and cultural parallels between the Canarian and Moroccan Amazigh environments, is an exception. This is the first publication in which a North African Moroccan researcher has engaged with the study of the indigenous Canarian world. However, Sabir’s work is closely tied to Canarian ethnohistorical sources which, as noted in the Introduction, were written by European colonialists and presented an ethnocentric view of the indigenous Canarian past. In addition, the work makes repeated use of concepts that are the result of this colonial legacy within Canarian archaeological discourse (pre-Hispanic, aboriginal, prehistory). The conceptual problematic within Canarian archaeology has been analyzed elsewhere (Farrujia, 2010). Sabir’s main contribution lies in contextualizing the cultural evidence of the indigenous Canarian culture in terms of indigenous Canarian words that have been preserved in the sources, using an ethnolinguistic approach. The study highlights the unquestionable Amazigh roots of the indigenous Canarian societies, although the research, in terms of African studies, is restricted to the present-day South Moroccan region.
- 6.
The geostrategic importance of the Canary Islands has been reassessed since 1975 in light of the tripartite agreement on the Sahara, the Spanish–Moroccan treaties and Spain’s entry into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) following the referendum held in March 1986.
- 7.
See Farrujia (2010 and 2012) for a detailed discussion of “eccentric” Canarian archaeology in relation to the vanguard centers of capitalist development. See also Díaz-Andreu (2012) for the case of Spanish archaeology in relation to a vanguard center such as Great Britain.
- 8.
See, for example, the work of Pagán-Jiménez (2004) with regard to the Latin American case, which has many affinities with the Canarian one.
- 9.
The Arab Spring is a revolutionary wave of demonstrations, protests, and wars occurring in the Arab world that began on December 18th, 2010. To date, rulers have been forced from power in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen, civil uprisings have erupted in Bahrain and Syria, major protests have broken out in Algeria, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, and Sudan, and minor protests have occurred in Lebanon, Mauritania, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Djibouti, and Western Sahara. There were border clashes in Israel in May 2011, and protests in Iranian Khuzestan by the Arab minority in 2011 as well. Weapons and Tuareg fighters returning from the Libyan civil war fueled the simmering conflict in Mali, which has been described as "fallout" from the Arab Spring in North Africa. The sectarian clashes in Lebanon were described as spillover violence from the Syrian uprising and hence the regional Arab Spring (Maddy-Weitzman, 2011).
- 10.
The concept of the “single thought” refers to the translation, in ideological terms, of the claim for universality of the interests of a group of economic forces, in particular international capital, which ultimately monopolize all academic and intellectual forums. The first person to define this “single thought” as a conceptual unit was the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, in his work: Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (The World as Will and Representation), in 1819. Ramonet, who reintroduced the concept in 1995, predicted the dire consequences that would result from widespread adoption of this ideology and listed a series of phenomena that would, in his opinion, contract the notion that a period of prosperity would ensue following the generalization of beliefs, which he described as "single thought ". His view has proved prescient.
- 11.
One of the last written testimonies that provides evidence of direct (ethnographic) access to indigenous Canarian traditions dates from the seventeenth century, when the British doctor and merchant Evan Pieugh, who was based in Tenerife, was able to visit certain indigenous burial caves and learn about some indigenous customs, including mummification. The indigenous people of the Güímar valley (in Tenerife) revealed this information to the British doctor as a way of thanking him for treating some members of their community free of charge. As Thomas Sprats noted, in response to the news, "It was a favour rarely, if ever, granted to anyone" (in Farrujia, 2004, p. 103).
- 12.
Aguere is an indigenous toponym that means "lake” and refers to the natural lake in the municipality which dried up in the second half of the nineteenth century. The actual name of the city, La Laguna, comes from this indigenous legacy. The city is also known as “Ciudad de Los Adelantados,” as Adelantado (Captain General) Alonso Fernández de Lugo (the founder of La Laguna) and his descendants had their residence there.
- 13.
The historic center of La Laguna lacks a specific inventory of the archaeological assets in the urban zone. The lack of knowledge and hierarchical structure of the urban archaeological heritage prevents any interrelation between the archaeological maps and urban planning designed to protect the urban historic landscape (Mestre, 2012). It is therefore not surprising that the Special Protection Plan for the La Laguna Historical Complex (July, 2005) contains no references to the archaeological heritage. The Plan is available at: http://www.gerenciaurbanismo.com/gerencia/GERENCIA/published/DEFAULT/planeamiento/pecasco_ad/1_memord/memord_1.pdf
- 14.
In the case of the island of Tenerife, its Archaeological Museum is the driving force behind almost 100% of the diffusion and dissemination of the archaeological heritage on the island. Although many archaeological zones in Tenerife are protected as BICs, none have user value.
- 15.
As in the Canary Islands there are no indigenous populations nowadays, the local community is mainly integrated by people of Spanish origins (born in the Canary Islands).
- 16.
A similar problematic can be found in Canada, where aboriginal burial grounds throughout the country are threatened by developments associated with construction projects, road-building, dredging, and flooding. Many of the provincial laws protecting cemeteries mention aboriginal burial sites, however, in practice these laws have done little to prevent the desecration of aboriginal burial grounds (Blair, 2005).
- 17.
The name “Júlan” comes from the plant known as julan or julian (ferula).
- 18.
The El Hierro Town and Country Planning Island Plan (Decree 132/95 of 11 May) recognizes it as a Historic Reserve. The land is owned by the government of the Canary Islands.
- 19.
- 20.
The Canarian Plan for the Restoration and Conservation of the Historical Heritage (2000–2010) is currently being implemented in the Canary Islands, with the main objective of conserving the historical heritage of the Islands. The policy framework for the (regional) plan, which covers the whole archipelago and therefore overcomes the intrainsular situation, contains numerous measures for the Canarian archaeological heritage, some of which have already been implemented, such as the Cueva Pintada de Gáldar Archaeological Park and the La Gomera and La Palma Archaeological Museums. In addition, the Arqueomac transnational cooperation project, a Canary Islands government culture initiative from the Directorate-General for Cooperation and Cultural Heritage, aims to promote cooperation projects and technological and scientific transfers in the field of archaeology. Since 2010, four meetings have been held in the islands of Fuerteventura, El Hierro, the Azores, and Madeira, as well as a series of e-learning training courses, together with the publication of two books of abstracts and the presentation and development of the Macronesia geographical–archaeological information system (SIGAMAC). The problematic of archaeology and tourism in the Canary Islands has been one of the themes covered within the Arqueomac project.
- 21.
Evidence of this can be seen in the promotion of some of its most important sites at international tourism fairs. In addition, the Gran Canaria Island Council, through the Culture and Historical Heritage Board, has made efforts to publicize them among the islanders through guided tours conducted by specialists. It has also published a guide to the archaeological heritage of Gran Canaria that indicates which sites can be visited, how to get to them, and so on (Velasco et al. 2001) and is involved in important information and awareness-raising measures through initiatives such as “Heritage for all” (http://www.estodotuyo.com), the information program “Heritage: open to all” and “Jonah and archaeology” (http://www.jonasyelpatrimonio.com). The Tourist Board offers a series of themed routes for discovering the archaeological heritage of the island.
- 22.
References
Álvarez Delgado, J. (1944–1945). La necrópolis guanche del Becerril. Informes y Memorias de la Comisaría General de Excavaciones Arqueológicas, Vol. 14. Excavaciones arqueológicas en Tenerife, Canarias. Plan Nacional, 1944–1945. Madrid: Comisaría General de Excavaciones. Ministerio de Educación Nacional.
Atalay, S. (2006). Indigenous archaeology as decolonizing practice. American Indian Quarterly, 30(3/4), 280–310. [Special Issue: Decolonizing Archaeology (Summer—Autumn)].
Bhabha, H. (1994). The location of culture. New York: Routledge.
Binoy, T. A. (2011). Archaeological and heritage tourism interpretation. A study. South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage, 4(I), 100–105.
Blair, P. J. (2005). The non-protection of Canadian aboriginal heritage (burial sites and artifacts). The Scow Institute, October. www.scowinstitute.ca. Accessed 14 Apr 2012.
Burchac, M. M., Hart, S. M., & Wobst, H. M. (Eds.). (2010). Indigenous archaeologies: A reader on decolonization. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
Carlson, K., & McHalsie, A. J. (2010). The power of place, the problem of time: Aboriginal identity and historical consciousness in the cauldron of colonialism. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Cleere, H. (Ed). (1984). Approaches to the archaeological heritage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cleere, H. (Ed). (2000). Archaeological heritage management in the modern world. One world archaeology (Vol. 9). New Cork: Routledge.
Corral, S., & Hernández, J. (2010). El turismo en destinos maduros archipielágicos: condicionantes y estrategias. El caso de los tres grandes: Hawai, Canarias y Baleares. In R. Hernández Martín & A. Santana Talavera (Eds.), Destinos turísticos maduros ante el cambio. Reflexiones desde Canarias (pp. 233–254). La Laguna: Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales.
Chafik, M. (2005). Treinta y tres siglos de la Historia de los Imazighen (Bereberes). Rabat (Morocco): Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe. Centre de la Traduction, de la Documentation de l’Edition et de la Communication.
Chapa Brunet, T. (2000). Nuevas tendencias en el estudio del Arte Prehistórico. Arqueoweb, 2(3). http://www.ucm.es/info/arqueoweb. Accessed 21 Jun 2011.
Chávez Álvarez, M. E., Pérez González, E., Pérez Caamaño, F., Soler Segura, J., & Tejera Gaspar, A. (2006). La gestión del Patrimonio Arqueológico y el turismo en las Islas Canarias (España). Actas del II Congreso Internacional de Turismo Arqueológico. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona. http://www.academia.edu/2240546/La_gestion_del_Patrimonio_arqueologico_y_el_Turismo_en_las_Islas_Canarias_Espana_. Accessed 12 May 2012.
Chávez Álvarez, M. E., & Pérez González, E. M. (2010). La gestión e interpretación del patrimonio arqueológico. Nuevos modelos para el desarrollo turístico en Canarias. In R. Hernández Martín & A. Santana Talavera (Eds.), Destinos turísticos maduros ante el cambio. Reflexiones desde Canarias (pp. 49–70). La Laguna (Spain): Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales.
Chatterjee, P. (1993). The nation and its fragments: Colonial and postcolonial histories. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
De Certeau, M. (2008). Andar en la ciudad (Marches dans la ville). Bifurcaciones. Revista de Estudios culturales urbanos. Número 7/ julio. www.bifurcaciones.cl. Accessed 17 Mar 2012.
Díaz-Andreu, M. (2012). Archaeological encounters: Building networks of Spanish and British archaeologists in the 20th century. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Diego Cuscoy, L. (2008 [1968]). Los Guanches. Vida y cultura del primitivo habitante de Tenerife. Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Instituto de Estudios Canarios.
Dietler, M. (2010). Archæologies of colonialism: Consumption, entanglement, and violence in ancient Mediterranean France. California: University of California press.
Disko, S. (2010). World heritage sites in indigenous peoples’ territories: Ways of ensuring respect for indigenous cultures, values and human rights. In D. Offenhäußer, W. Ch. Zimmerli, & M. T. Albert (Eds.), World heritage and cultural diversity (pp. 167–177). Brandenburg: German Comission for UNESCO.
Domínguez Mújica, J. (2007). La cartografía en la promoción turística de Canarias (1880–1970). Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, 44, 279–300.
El-Aissati, A. (2005). A socio-historical perspective on the Amazigh (Berber) cultural movement in North Africa. Afrika Focus, 18(1–2), 59–72.
Esposito, A., & Gaulis I. (2010). The cultural heritages of Asia and Europe: Global challenges and local initiatives. Rapporteurs’ Report of the Roundtable. http://www.asef.org/images/docs/HeritageRoundtable-RapporteursReport.pdf. Accessed 15 July 2012.
Farrujia de la Rosa, A. J. (2003). The Canary Islands under Franco’s dictatorship: Archaeology, national unity and African aspirations. Journal of Iberian Archaeology, 5, 209–222.
Farrujia de la Rosa, A. J. (2004). Ab Initio (1342–1969). Análisis historiográfico y arqueológico del primitivo poblamiento de Canarias. Col. Árbol de la Ciencia (Vol. 2). Sevilla: Artemisa Ediciones.
Farrujia de la Rosa, A. J. (2007). Arqueología y franquismo en Canarias. Política, poblamiento e identidad (1939–1969). Colección Canarias Arqueológica (Vol. 2). Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Spain): Organismo Autónomo de Museos y Centros. Cabildo de Tenerife.
Farrujia de la Rosa, A. J. (2008). Archaeology, politics and identity: the case of the Canary Islands in the 19th century. In N. Schlanger & J. Nordbladh (Eds.), Archives, ancestors, practices. Archaeology in the light of its history (pp. 247–259). New York-Oxford: AREA. INHA. Berghahn Books.
Farrujia de la Rosa, A. J. (2009). A history of research into Canarian rock art: Opening up new thoughts. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 28(3), 211–226, (August).
Farrujia de la Rosa, A. J. (2010). En busca del pasado guanche. Historia de la Arqueología en Canarias (1868–1968). Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Spain): Edicion Ka.
Farrujia de la Rosa, A. J. (2011). Waiving the ancestors voices?” In N. Bicho (Ed.), IV Congreso de Arqueología Peninsular. Universidad de Algarbe. Faro, 14–19 de septiembre de 2004 (pp. 251–260). Lisbon: Ed. Universidade Do Algarbe.
Farrujia de la Rosa, A. J. (2012). ¿;Patrimonio Arqueológico, Patrimonio Mundial? En busca de la cultura Guanche en Aguere. In A. Castillo (Ed.), Actas del Primer Congreso Internacional de Buenas Prácticas en Patrimonio Mundial: Arqueología. Menorca, 9–13 de abril de 2012 (pp. 247–259). Madrid: Editora Complutense. https://portal.ucm.es/web/publicaciones/congresos. Accessed 11 Jan 2013.
Farrujia de la Rosa, A. J., & García Marín, G (2005). The Canary Islands and the Sahara: Reviewing an archaeological problem. Sahara, 16, 55–62.
Farrujia de la Rosa, A. J., Pichler, W., Rodrigue, A., & García Marín, S. (2010). The Lybico-Berber and Latino-Canarian Scripts and the colonization of the Canary Islands. African Archaeological Review, 27(1), 13–41.
Ferguson, T. J. (1996). Native Americans and the practice of archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology, 25, 63–79. www.anthro.annualreviews.org. Accessed 11 May 2013.
Forbes, N., Page, R., & Pérez, G. (Eds.). (2009). Europe’s deadly century. Perspectives on 20th century conflict heritage. Belgium: English Heritage.
Foucault, M. (1977). L’oeil du pouvoir. In J. Benhtam (Ed.), Le Panoptique (pp. 13–26). Paris: Belfond.
Fraguas Bravo, A. (2006). De la hegemonía al panel. Una aproximación a la ideología del arte prehistórico del noreste africano. Complutum, 17, 25–43.
García Fernández, J. (Ed.). (1987). Legislación sobre Patrimonio Histórico. Madrid: Editorial Tecnos.
Giraldez Macía, J. (2007). Tindaya: el poder contra el mito. Málaga: Libre Ando ediciones. Zambra iniciativas sociales.
González Ruibal, A. (2010). Colonialism and European archaeology. In J. Lydon & U. Rizvi (Eds.), Handbook of postcolonial archaeology (pp. 37–47). Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press.
González Ruibal, A. (2012). Cada vez más islas. Revista Arkeogazte, 2, 17–19. www.arkeogazte.org/arkeogazterevista. Accessed 11 Jan 2013.
Gosden, C. (2001). Postcolonial archaeology: Issues of culture, identity and knowledge. In I. Hodder (Ed.), Archaeological theory today (pp. 241–61). Cambridge: Polity Press.
Gosden, Ch. (2004). Archaeology and colonialism: Cultural contact from 5000 BC to the present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hachid, M. (2000). Les premiers berberes: entre Mediterranee, Tassili et Nil.Aix-en-Provence: Edisud.
Harrison, R. (2012). Heritage. Critical approaches. London-New York: Routledge.
Hartog, F. (2004). Tiempo y Patrimonio (Temps et histoire). Museum International, 227, 4–15.
Hernández Gómez, C. M., Alberto, V., & Velasco, J. (2004–2005). Enfoques y desenfoques en la arqueología canaria a inicios del siglo XXI. Revista Atlántica-Mediterránea de Prehistoria y Arqueología Social, 7, 175–188.
Hernández Martín, R., & Santana Talavera, A. (Eds.). (2010). Destinos turísticos maduros ante el cambio. Reflexiones desde Canarias. La Laguna: Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales.
Hernández Pérez, M. (1999). La cueva de Belmaco. Mazo Isla de La Palma. Estudios Prehispánicos (Vol. 7). Madrid: Dirección General de Patrimonio Histórico.
Hernández Pérez, M. (2002). El Julan (La Frontera, El Hierro, Islas Canarias). Estudios Prehispánicos. Vol. 10. Madrid: Dirección General de Patrimonio Histórico. Viceconsejería de Cultura y Deportes del Gobierno de Canarias.
Hernández Pérez, M., Martín Socas, D. (1980). Nueva aportación a la prehistoria de Fuerteventura. Los grabados rupestres de la Montaña de Tindaya. Revista de Historia Canaria, XXXVII, pp. 13–41.
Hodder, I. (Ed.). (2001). Archaeological theory today. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hoffman, T. L., Kwas, M. L., & Silvermann, H. (2002). Heritage tourism and public archaeology. The SAA Archaeological Record, March, pp. 30–32.
ICOMOS. (2005). The world heritage list: Filling the gaps. An action plan for the future. Paris: ICOMOS.
Ireland, T. (2002). Giving value to the Australian historic past: Archaeology, heritage and nationalism. Australasian Historical Archaeology, 20, 15–25.
Ireland, T. (2010). Excavating globalization from the ruins of colonialism: Archaeological heritage management responses to cultural change. ICOMOS Scientific Symposium Changing World, changing views of heritage: The impact of global change on cultural heritage. http://www.international.icomos.org/adcom/dublin2010/Paper_2.pdf. Accessed 15 Jan 2013.
Jay Stottman, M. (2010). Archaeologists as activists. Can archaeology change the world? Alabama. Alabama: University of Alabama Press. Tuscaloosa.
Jones, S. (2003). The archaeology of ethnicity. Constructing identities in the past and present. Taylor & Francis e-Library. http://www.karant.pilsnerpubs.net/files/Jones.pdf. Accessed 18 Sept 2012.
Kumar Patnaik, S. (2009). Archaeological heritage and tourism. Orissa Review, December, pp. 1–5.
Liebmann, M., & Rizvi, U. Z. (2010). Archaeology and the poscolonial critique. Plymouth : Altamira Press.
Lozny, L. R. (Ed.). (2011). Comparative archaeologies: A sociological view of the science of the past. Berlin: Springer.
Lydon, J., & Rizvi, U. (Eds.). (2010). Handbook of postcolonial archaeology. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
Lyons, C. L., Papadopoulos, J. K. (Eds.). (2002). The archaeology of colonialism. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute.
Maddy-Weitzman, B. (2006). Ethno-politics and globalisation in North Africa: The Berber culture movement. The Journal of North African Studies, 11, 71–83.
Maddy-Weitzman, B. (2011). North Africa’s democratic prospects. Foreign Policy Research Institute. E-Notes. www.fpri.org. Accessed 12 Jan 2012.
Maddy-Wietzman, B. (2012). The Berber identity movement and the challenge to North African States. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Marciniak, A. (2000). Protection and management of archaeological heritage: The importance and achievements of the European Association of archaeologists. Archaeologia Polona, 38, 205–214.
Marcuse, H. (2002). One-Dimensional man: Studies in the ideology of advanced industrial society. New York: Routledge.
Martín Rodríguez, E. (1998). La Zarza: entre el cielo y la tierra. Estudios Prehispánicos (Vol. 6). Madrid: Dirección General de Patrimonio Histórico.
Mauch Messenger, Ph., & Smith, G. (2010). Cultural heritage management. A global perspective. Florida: University Press of Florida.
Merriman, T. (2005). Heritage interpretation: Tourism cake, not icing. The SAA Archaeological Record. May, 5(3), 36–38.
Mestre Martí, M. (2012). San Cristóbal de la Laguna, La Habana Vieja y el Viejo San Juan: Urbanismo y Patrimonio Arqueológico en la recuperación de tres centros históricos de ciudades de ultramar. In A. Castillo (Ed.), Actas del Primer Congreso Internacional de Buenas Prácticas en Patrimonio Mundial: Arqueología. Menorca, 9–13 de abril de 2012 (pp. 436–449). Madrid: Editora Complutense. https://portal.ucm.es/web/publicaciones/congresos. Accessed 29 Jan 2013.
Molinero Polo, M. A. (2006). Pirámides de Güimar, solsticios, masonería y Egipto Antiguo. Tabona. Revista de prehistoria y de arqueología, 15, 163–178.
Morère Molinero, N., & Jiménez Guijarro, J. (2007). Análisis del turismo arqueológico en España. Un estado de la cuestión. Estudios Turísticos, 171, 115–139.
Mulvaney, K., & Hicks, W. (2012). Murujuga Madness: World Heritage values disregarded. In A. Castillo (Ed.), Actas del Primer Congreso Internacional de Buenas Prácticas en Patrimonio Mundial: Arqueología. Menorca, 9–13 de abril de 2012 (pp. 187–201). Madrid: Editora Complutense. https://portal.ucm.es/web/publicaciones/congresos. Accessed 29 Jan 2013.
Nalda, E. (2004). La Arqueología Mexicana y su Inserción en el Debate sobre Diversidad e Identidad. Museum International, 227, 29–38.
National Trust for Historic Preservation. (2001). Heritage tourism program. http://www.nthp.org/heritagetourism/index.html. Accessed 11 Mar 2013.
Navarro Segura, M. I. (1999). La Laguna 1500: la ciudad-república. Una utopía insular según las leyes de Platón. La Laguna (Spain): Excmo. Ayuntamiento de San Cristóbal de La Laguna.
Navarro Segura, M. I. (2002). La maldición de la pirámide. O la perversa traición al escultor Eduardo Chillida. Basa, 27, (pp. 112–133). Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Spain): Colegio Oficial de Arquitectos de Canarias.
Onrubia Pintado, J. (2003). La Isla de los Guanartemes. Territorio, sociedad y poder en la Gran Canaria indígena (siglos XIV-XV). Madrid: Ediciones del Cabildo de Gran Canaria.
Onrubia Pintado, J., Rodríguez Santana, C. G., Sáenz Sagasti J. I., & Antona del Val, V. (2007). El Museo y Parque Arqueológico Cueva Pintada (Gáldar, Gran Canaria): de manzana agrícola a parque arqueológico urbano. IV Congreso Internacional sobre musealización de xacementos arqueolóxicos. Conservación e presentación de yacementos arqueolóxicos no medio rural. Impacto social no territorio (pp. 183–190). Santiago de Compostela: Xunta de Galicia.
Olukole, T. O. (2009). Changing cultural landscapes and heritage tourism potentials of Ijaiye-Orile archaeoloical sites in Nigeria. The African Diaspora Archaeology Network, June. www.diaspora.uiuc.edu/news0609/news0609.html. Accessed 13 Apr 2011.
Padrón, A. (1874). Relación de unos letreros antiguos encontrados en la isla del Hierro. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.
Pagán Jiménez, J. R. (2004). Is all archaeology at present a postcolonial one? Constructive answers from an eccentric point of view. Journal of Social Archaeology, 4(2), 200–213. (www.sagepublications.com). Accessed 13 Apr 2011.
Patou-Mathis, M. (2011). Le Sauvage et le Préhistorique, miroir de l’Homme occidental. De la malédiction de Cham à l’identité nationale. Paris: Odile Jacob.
Pellicer Catalán, M. (1968–69). Panorama y perspectivas de la arqueología canaria. Revista de Historia, XXXII (157–164), pp. 291–302.
Perera Betancort, M. A. (1996). La Montaña de Tindaya: valor natural, valor cultural. Análisis legal. VII Jornadas de Estudios sobre Fuerteventura y Lanzarote. Lanzarote: Cabildos de Lanzarote y Fuerteventura.
Perera Betancort, M. A., Belmonte Avilés, J. A., Esteban, C., Tejera Gaspar, A. (1996). Tindaya: un estudio arqueoastronómico de la sociedad prehispánica de Fuerteventura. Tabona, pp. 165–196.
Pinter, T. L. (2005). Heritage tourism and archaeology: Critical issues. The SAA Archaeological Record. May, 5(3), 9–11.
Querol Fernández, M. A. (2010). Manual de gestión del patrimonio cultural. Madrid: Akal.
Querol Fernández, M. A., & Castillo, A. (2012). Arqueología Preventiva y Patrimonio Mundial. El ejemplo español como base para el cambio en el ejercicio de la gestión arqueológica. In A. Castillo (Ed.), Actas del Primer Congreso Internacional de Buenas Prácticas en Patrimonio Mundial: Arqueología. Menorca, 9–13 de abril de 2012 (pp. 51–65). Madrid: Editora Complutense. www.portal.ucm.es/web/publicaciones/congresos. Accessed 2 Jan 2013.
Ramonet, I. (2010 [1995]). Pensamiento único y nuevos amos del mundo. In N. Chomsky, N. & I. Ramonet (Eds.), Cómo nos venden la moto. Información, poder y concentración de medios (pp. 49–88). Barcelona: Editorial Icaria.
Ribeiro Durham, E. (1998). Cultura, patrimonio, preservación. Alteridades, 8(16), 131–136.
Rodríguez, C. G., & Correa, T. (2011). ¡Hola! Me llamo Arminda… ¿y tú? A global communication project for Gran Canaria’s Archaeological Heritage”. AP Journal, 1, 5–27.
Rodríguez Yanez, J. M. (1997). La Laguna durante el Antiguo Régimen. Desde su fundación hasta finales del siglo XVII. In M. de Paz Sánchez & J. Castellano Gil (Eds.), La Laguna: 500 años de historia. Vol. I. La Laguna (Spain): Excmo. Ayuntamiento de San Cristóbal de La Laguna.
Ross, A. (1996). More than archaeology: New directions in cultural heritage management. QAR, 10, 17–24.
Sabir, A. (2008). Las Canarias prehispánicas y el Norte de África. El ejemplo de Marruecos. Paralelismos lingüísticos y culturales. Rabat: Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe.
Saco del Valle, A. O. (2001). Los parques arqueológicos y el paisaje como patrimonio. Arqueoweb, 3–1. http://www.ucm.es/info/arqueoweb/pdf/3–1/almudenaorejas.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2011.
Said, E. W. (1997 [1979]). Orientalismo (Orientalism). Barcelona: Editorial De Bolsillo.
Searight, S. (2004). The prehistoric rock art of Morocco. A study of its extensión, environment and meaning. BAR International Series, 1310. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Shackel, P. A. (2005). Local identity, national memory, and heritage tourism. Creating a sense of place with archaeology. The SAA Archaeological Record. May, 5(3), 33–35.
Smith, L., & Waterton, E. (2009). Heritage, communities and archaeology. London: Duckworth Academic and Bristol Classical Press.
Spivak, G. C. (1985). Subaltern studies: Deconstructing historiography. In R. Guha (Ed.), Subaltern Studies IV. Writings on South Asian History and Society (pp. 330–363). Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Tejera Gaspar, A. (2006). Los libio-bereberes que poblaron las Islas Canarias en la Antigüedad. In A. Tejera Gaspar (Ed.), Canarias y el África Antigua (pp. 81–105). Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Spain): Centro de la Cultura Popular Canaria.
Tejera Gaspar, A., Jiménez González, J., & Allen, J. (2008). Las manifestaciones artísticas prehispánicas y su huella. Historia Cultural del Arte en Canarias. Vol. I. Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Spain): Gobierno de Canarias.
Trigger, B. (2006). A history of archaeological thought (2nd edn.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Velasco Vázquez, J., Martín Rodríguez, E., Alberto Barroso, V., Domínguez Gutiérrez, Juan C., & León Hernández, J. (2001). Guía del Patrimonio Arqueológico de Gran Canaria. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: Cabildo de Gran Canaria.
Veracini, L. (2006). A prehistory of Australia’s history wars: The evolution of aboriginal history during the 1970s and 1980s. Australian Journal of Politics and History, 52(3), 439–468.
Verdugo Santos, J., & Parodi Álvarez, M. J. (2012). La valorización del patrimonio en Andalucía. Nuevas tendencias y estrategias. In M. Zouak, J. Ramos Muñoz, D. Bernal, & B. Raissouni (Eds.), Arqueología y turismo en el círculo del Estrecho. Colección de Monografías del Museo Arqueológico de Tetuán (Vol. III, pp. 37–67). Cádiz: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Cádiz. Dirección Regional de Cultura Tánger-Tetuán del Reino de Marruecos.
Villar Rojas, F. J. (2009). La política turística de Canarias. In M. Simancas Cruz (Ed.), El impacto de la crisis en la economía canaria. Claves para el futuro. Vol. I. Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Spain): Real Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País de Tenerife.
Wallerstein, I. (2003). Impensar las ciencias sociales. Límites de los paradigmas decimonónicos (Unthinking Social Science: The limits of nineteenth-century paradigms). Mexico: Siglo XXI Editores.
Watkins, J. (2005). Through wary eyes: Indigenous perspectives on archaeology. The Annual Review of Anthropology, 34, 429–449. www.anthro.annualreviews.org. Accessed 29 Mar 2013.
Willems, J. H. W. (1998). Archaeology and heritage management in Europe. Trends and developments. European Journal of Archaeology, 1(3), 293–311.
Willems, J. H. W. (Ed.). (2007). Quality management in archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow Books Limited.
Willems, J. H. W. (2010). Laws, language, and learning. Managing archaeological heritage resources in Europe. In Ph. Mauch Messenger & G. Smith (Eds.), Cultural heritage management. A global perspective (pp. 212–229). Florida: University Press of Florida.
Willems, J. H. W. (2012). World heritage and global heritage: The tip of the iceberg. In A. Castillo (Ed.), Actas del Primer Congreso Internacional de Buenas Prácticas en Patrimonio Mundial: Arqueología. Menorca, 9–13 de abril de 2012 (pp. 36–50). Madrid: Editora Complutense. https://portal.ucm.es/web/publicaciones/congresos. Accessed 29 Jan 2013.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Farrujia de la Rosa, A. (2014). In Search of the Indigenous Culture of the Canary Islands (1975–2012). In: An Archaeology of the Margins. SpringerBriefs in Archaeology(). Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9396-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9396-9_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-9395-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-9396-9
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)