Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Peacefulness as a Personality Trait

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Personal Peacefulness

Part of the book series: Peace Psychology Book Series ((PPBS,volume 20))

Abstract

Peaceful personality is defined as the consistent manifestation of peaceful states, attitudes, and behaviors over time and across relevant contextual domains. The chapter focuses on measurement tools and research on peacefulness in three contextual domains: intrapersonal, interpersonal, and international. Intrapersonal peacefulness is defined in several ways: (1) as accepting and nonviolent attitudes toward self, (2) as a state of harmony between aspects of self, and (3) as a disposition for emotional states such as serenity and fulfillment that are associated with experiencing harmony. Interpersonal peacefulness involves behavior and attitudes that are nonviolent and that create and maintain harmonious relationships with other persons. International peacefulness is defined as favorable attitudes toward nonviolent and cooperative relations with other nations. The chapter describes a wide variety of instruments for assessing peacefulness in each of these domains; provides evidence on reliability, validity, and stability for many of these instruments; and offers critical evaluation of their usefulness for assessing peaceful personality. The concept of peacefulness as a personality trait implies that some people show a consistent pattern of peaceful behavior, states, and attitudes across time and relevant domains. Reasons for expecting consistency in peacefulness are presented. A comprehensive review of relevant research suggests that intrapersonal peacefulness is moderately correlated with interpersonal peacefulness and that interpersonal peacefulness is moderately correlated with international peacefulness.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anderson, R. (2004). A definition of peace. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 10, 101–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, C. A., Benjamin, A. J., Wood, P. K., & Bonacci, A. M. (2006). Development and testing of the Velicer Attitudes Toward Violence Scale: Evidence for a four-factor model. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 122–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, C. D., Brown, R. P., & Osterman, L. L. (2012). Don’t tread on me: Masculine honor ideology in the U.S. and militant responses to terrorism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1018–1029.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bliss, S. L., Oh, E. J., & Williams, R. L. (2007). Militarism and sociopolitical perspectives among college students in the U.S. and South Korea. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 13, 175–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonta, B. D. (1997). Cooperation and competition in peaceful societies. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 299–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite, V. (1994). Beyond Rokeach’s Equality-Freedom Model: Two dimensional values in a one-dimensional world. Journal of Social Issues, 50(4), 67–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briody, S. C. (2007). Correlations between interpersonal trust, conflict resolution styles, and militaristic attitude. Senior project #07-0366 available on microfiche in reference room as record # b1847225 at Kennedy Library, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brook, A. T., Garcia, J., & Fleming, M. (2008). The effects of multiple identities on psychological well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1588–1600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Browne, C. N., Lloyd, J. B., Konkright, R. F., Toney, B. R., Severson, H. E., & Mayton, D. M. (2010, August). Inner peace: Personality characteristics of a peaceful person. Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, San Diego, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burt, S. A., & Donnellan, M. B. (2008). Personality correlates of aggressive and non-aggressive antisocial behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 53–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen, B. (1959/1974). Attitudes towards foreign affairs as a function of personality. Westport: Greenwood (Original work published 1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohrs, J. C. & Moschner, B. (2002). Antiwar knowledge and generalized political attitudes as determinants of attitude toward the Kosovo War. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 8, 139–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohrs, J. C., Moschner, B., Maes, J., & Kielmann, S. (2005). Personal values and attitudes toward war. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 11, 293–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). NEO PI-R Professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa, P., T McCrae, R. R., & Dembroski, T. M. (1989). Agreeableness versus antagonism: Explication of a potential risk factor for CHD. In A. W. Siegman & T. M. Dembroski (Eds.), In search of coronary prone behavior (pp. 41–63). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Agostino, B. (1995). Self-images of hawks and doves: A control systems model of militarism. Political Psychology, 16, 259–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dembroski, T. M., & Costa, P. T (1987). Coronary-prone behavior: Components of the Type A pattern and hostility. Journal of Personality, 55, 211–235.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dovidio, J. F., Piliavin, J. A., Schroeder, D. A., & Penner, L. A. (2006). The social psychology of prosocial behavior. Mahwah: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckhardt, W., & Lentz, T. F. (1967). Factors of war/peace attitudes. Peace Research Reviews, 1(5), 1–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckhardt, W., & Newcombe A. G. (1969). Militarism, personality, and other social attitudes. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 13, 210–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Einolf, C. (2013) Daily spiritual experiences and prosocial behavior. Social Indicators Research, 110, 71–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberger, R., Lynch, P., Aselage, J., & Rohdieck, S. (2004). Who takes the most revenge? Individual differences in negative reciprocity norm endorsement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 787–799.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenkraft, N., & Elfenbein, H. A. (2010). The way you make me feel: Evidence for individual differences in affective presence. Psychological Science, 21, 505–510.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elliot, A. J., & Devine, P. G. (1994). On the motivational nature of cognitive dissonance: Dissonance as psychological discomfort. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 382–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, R. A., & King, L. A. (1988). Conflict among personal strivings: Immediate and long-term implications for psychological and physical well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1040–1048.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Etheredge, L. S. (1978a) A world of men: The private sources of American foreign policy. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Etheredge, L. S (1978b). Personality effects on American foreign policy, 1898–1968: A test of Interpersonal Generalization Theory. American Political Science Review, 72, 434–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D., & Rothbart, M. (2007). Developing a model for adult temperament. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 868–888.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feshbach, S. (1990). Psychology, human violence, and the search for peace: Issues in science and social values. Journal of Social Issues, 46(1), 183–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gladstone, A. I. (1955) The possibility of predicting reactions to international events. Journal of Social Issues, 11, 21–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gleason, K. A., Jensen-Campbell, L. A., & Richardson, D. S. (2004). Agreeableness as a predictor of aggression in adolescence. Aggressive Behavior, 30, 43–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grace, H. A. (1951). Hostility, communication, and international tension: I. The hostility inventory. Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 31–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grace, H. A., & Grace, G. L. (1951). Hostility, communication, and international tension: III. The hostility factors. Journal of Educational Psychology, 42, 293–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graziano, W. G., & Eisenberg, N. (1997). Agreeableness and altruism. In S. Briggs, R. Hogan, & W. Jones (Eds.), Handbook of personality (pp. 725–895). New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graziano, W. G., Jensen-Campbell, L. A., & Hair, H. C. (1996). Perceiving interpersonal conflict and reacting to it: The case for agreeableness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 820–835.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graziano, W. G., & Tobin, R. M. (2009). Agreeableness. In M. R. Leary & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp. 46–61). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grussendorf, J., McAlister, A., Sandstrom, P., Udd, L., Morrison, T. C. (2002). Resisting moral disengagement in support for war: Use of the “Peace Test” scale among student groups in 21 nations. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 8, 73–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, E., Lundh, L., Homman, A., & Wangby-Lundh, M. (2009). Measuring mindfulness: Pilot studies with the Swedish versions of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale and the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 38, 2–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harmon-Jones, E. (2000). Cognitive dissonance and experienced negative affect: Evidence that dissonance increases experienced negative affect even in the absence of aversive consequences. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1490–1501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heuchert, J. W. P. (2003, August). Hawks and doves: The personality of peace. Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319–340.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • International personality item pool. (n.d.). A scientific collaborator for the development of advanced measures of personality traits and other individual differences. http://ipip.ori.org/. Accessed 14 Sept 2011.

  • Jackson, J. J., Thoemmes, F., Jonkmann, K., Ludtke, O., & Trautwein, U. (2012). Military training and personality development: Does the military make the man, or does the man make the military? Psychological Science. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0956797611423545.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen-Campbell, L. A., Gleason, K. A., Adams, R., & Malcolm, K. T. (2003). Interpersonal conflict, agreeableness, and personality development. Journal of Personality, 71, 1059–1085.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • John, O. P., & Srivastava, S (1999 The big five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd Ed., pp. 102–130). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. B., Handler, A., & Criss, J. E. (1993). Beliefs related to acceptance of war: A social systems perspective. In K. S. Larsen (Ed.), Conflict and social psychology (pp. 225–240). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, S. E., Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2011). Personality, anti-social behavior, and aggression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39, 329–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kassinove, H., Roth, D. Owens, S. G., & Fuller, J. R. (2002). Effects of trait anger and anger expression style on competitive attack responses in a wartime prisoner’s dilemma game. Aggressive Behavior, 28, 117–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kool, V. K., & Sen, M. (1984). The nonviolence test. In D. M. Pestonjee (Ed.). Second handbook of psychological and social instruments (pp. 48–54). Ahemdebad: Indian Institute of Management.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koole, S. L., Jager, W., van den Berg, A. E., Vlek, C. A., & Hofstee, W. K. (2001). On the social nature of personality: Effects of extraversion, agreeableness, and feedback about collective resource use on cooperation in a resource dilemma. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 289–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kunzmann, U. & Baltes, P. B. (2003). Wisdom-related knowledge: Affective, motivational, and interpersonal correlates. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1104–1119.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B. Adams, C. E., Allen, A. B., & Hancock, J. (2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: The implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 887–904.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luma, C. (2004). Inner peace questionnaire. Center for Inner Peace. www.centerforinnerpeace.net/services/peacequiz.php. Accessed 26 Aug 2011.

  • Lutzker, D. R. (1960). Internationalism as a predictor of cooperative behavior. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 4, 426–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803–855.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, H. J., & Larsen, K. S. (1976). Measurement of competitive-cooperative attitudes. Psychological Reports, 39, 303–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, R., Watson, D., & Wan, C. K. (2000). A three-factor model of trait anger: Dimensions of affect, behavior, and cognition. Journal of Personality, 68, 869–897.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayton, D. M. (2009). Nonviolence and peace psychology: Intrapersonal, interpersonal, societal, and world peace. New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mayton, D. M. (2012). The psychology of nonviolence and nonkilling: Theory, measurement, and correlates. In D. J. Christie & J. E. Pim (Eds.), Nonkilling psychology (341–360). Honolulu: Center for Global Nonkilling. http://www.nonkillinjg.org.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayton, D. M., & Owens, R. W. (1995, August). Values, militarism, and nonviolent predispositions. Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayton, D. M., McCoy, J. C., Brink, M. Z., Thompson, K. A., & Burke, K. D. (2011, August). Intrapersonal, interpersonal, societal, and world nonviolence. Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • McConochie, W. A. (2005). Making peace: Psychological origins of violence, warmongering, and a new democracy. www.politicalpsychologyresearch.com. Accessed 29 Nov 2011.

  • McConochie, W. A. (2007). Manual: Political Psychology Scales. Eugene: Testmaster. www.politicalpsychologyresearch.com. Accessed 19 Nov 2011.

  • McCullough, M. E., Bellah, C. G., Kilpatrick, S. D., & Johnson, J. L. (2001). Vengefulness: Relationships with forgiveness, rumination, well-being, and the Big Five. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 601–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112–127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musek, J. (2007). A general factor of personality: Evidence for the Big One in the five-factor model. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 1213–1233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L., & Rude, S. S. (2007a). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 139–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neff, K. D., Rude, S. S., & Kirkpatrick, K. L. (2007b). An examination of self-compassion in relation to positive psychological functioning and personality traits. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 908–916.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, L. L. (1995, August). Militaristic attitudes in college students: Developmental antecedents and personality correlates. Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, L. L. (2001, August). Developing peaceful people: An educational objective for psychology courses. Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, L. L. (2007, August). Correlations between inner peace, interpersonal behavior, and global attitudes. Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, L. L., & Milburn, T. W. (1999). Relationships between problem-solving competencies and militaristic attitudes: Implications for peace education. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 5, 149–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, H., & Antonioni, D. (2007). Personality, reciprocity, and strength of conflict resolution strategy. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 110–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penner, L. A., Fritzsche, B. A., Craiger, J. P., & Freifeld, T. S. (1995). Measuring the prosocial personality. In J. N. Butcher & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.) Advances in personality assessment (Vol. 10, pp. 147–163). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, S. T., & Ziller, R. C. (1997). Toward a theory and measure of the nature of nonprejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 420–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pyszcznski, T., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (2003). In the wake of 9/11: The psychology of terror. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahim, M. A. (1983). A measure of styles of handling interpersonal conflict. Academy of Management Journal, 26(2), 368–376.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, K. T., & Aspy, C. B. (1993). Development of the Serenity Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1(2), 145–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C. R., & Dymond, R. (Eds.). (1954). Psychotherapy and personality change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–1081.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719–727.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandy, S. V., Boardman, S. K., & Deutsch, M. (2006). Personality and conflict. In M. Deutsch, P. T. Coleman, & E. C. Marcus (Eds.) The handbook of conflict resolution: Theory and practice (2nd ed., pp. 331–355). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saucier, G., & Goldberg, L. R. (1998). What is beyond the Big Five? Journal of Personality, 66, 495–524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoen, H. (2007). Personality traits and foreign policy attitudes in German public opinion. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51, 408–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 1–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, W. A. (1960). International ideology and interpersonal ideology. Public Opinion Quarterly, 24, 419–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shallcross, A. J., Ford, B. Q., Floerke, V. A., & Mauss, I. B. (2013). Getting better with age: The relationship between age, acceptance, and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 734–749.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe, J. P., & Desai, S. (2001). The revised NEO Personality Inventory and the MMPI-2 Psychopathology Five in the prediction of aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 505–518.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, K. M., & Kasser, T. (1995). Coherence and congruence: Two aspects of personality integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 531–543.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shepard, G. H. (1988). Personality effects on American foreign policy, 1969–84: A second test of Interpersonal Generalization Theory. International Studies Quarterly, 32, 91–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steel, P., Schmidt, J., & Shultz, J. (2008). Refining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 138–161.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson, W. (1953). The study of behavior: Q-technique and its methodology. Chicago University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. J., & Dobson, D. M. (1987). Resolving interpersonal conflicts: An analysis of stylistic consistency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 794–812.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. J., & Soriano, L. J. (1984). Styles of conflict resolution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 115–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terracciano, A., Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (2006). Personal plasticity after age 30. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 999–1009.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vail, K. E., III, & Motyl, M. (2010). Support for diplomacy: Peacemaking and militarism as a unidimensional correlate of social, environmental, and political attitudes. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 16, 29–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Linden, D., te Nijenhuis, J., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). The general factor of personality: A meta-analysis of Big Five intercorrelations and a criterion-related validity study. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 315–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weise, D. R., Pyszezynski, T., Cox, C. R., Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Kosloff, S. (2008). Interpersonal politics: The role of terror management and attachment processes in shaping political preferences. Psychological Science, 19, 448–455.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wertheim, E. H. (2012). Conflict management styles. In D. J. Christie (Ed.), The encyclopedia of peace psychology (Vol. I, pp. 214–219). Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, V. F., & Bell, P. A. (2008). Predicting interpersonal conflict resolution styles from personality characteristics. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(2), 126–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ziller, R. C., Moriarty, D. S., & Phillips, S. T. (1999). The peace personality. In A. Raviv, L. Oppenheimer, & D. Bar-Tal (Eds.), How children understand war and peace: A call for international peace education (pp. 78–90). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. California Polytechnic State University, 93407, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA

    Linden L. Nelson PhD

  2. 290 Ramona Drive, 93405, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA

    Linden L. Nelson PhD

Authors
  1. Linden L. Nelson PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Linden L. Nelson PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. San Luis Obispo, California, USA

    Gregory K. Sims

  2. California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA

    Linden L. Nelson

  3. California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, California, USA

    Mindy R. Puopolo

Appendices

Appendix 2.1: Self Perceptions Scale

figure a

Appendix 2.2: Peaceful Feelings Scale

figure b

Appendix 2.3: Interpersonal Peacefulness Scale

figure c

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Nelson, L. (2014). Peacefulness as a Personality Trait. In: Sims, G., Nelson, L., Puopolo, M. (eds) Personal Peacefulness. Peace Psychology Book Series, vol 20. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9366-2_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation