Abstract
Human activities can cause negative global changes in the environment, such as global warming, excessive pollution of the environment, extinction of some species, degradation of entire geographic areas, and others. Section 12.1 discusses the modeling of global changes as a scientific problem of great complexity and importance. Section 12.2 describes the first global models—models of world dynamics developed by J. W. Forrester, D. H. Meadows, and M. D. Mesarovic in the 1970s. They represented first systematic attempts to analyze the global dynamics and produced outcomes that attracted significant public attention. These models evolved in the 1990s into a more quantitative approach known as integrated assessment models, which are explored in Sect. 12.3.
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Hritonenko, N., Yatsenko, Y. (2013). Models of Global Dynamics: From Club of Rome to Integrated Assessment. In: Mathematical Modeling in Economics, Ecology and the Environment. Springer Optimization and Its Applications, vol 88. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9311-2_12
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