Abstract
Renewable energy systems currently meet only around 7–8 % of the total global heating, cooling, electricity and transport end-use energy demands (Traditional biomass provides around 6.3 % of global primary energy and all other renewables around 6.7 %, but end-use energy is a more useful statistic used in this context). However, rapid growth in renewable energy has been apparent in recent years as a result of improved technology performance efficiencies and lower costs being demonstrated. Given appropriate support policies, renewables have the economic potential to significantly increase their share of total energy supply over the next few decades. The IPCC Special Report on this subject released in May 2011, covered cost trends, opportunities and barriers. This chapter summarises the findings of that report (The author, who was a Co-ordinating Lead Author for “Integration” of this IPCC report and co-author of the Summary for Policy Makers (SPM) and Technical Summary, acknowledges the inputs from around 150 co-authors and staff of the IPCC Technical Support Unit who contributed to writing the report and producing the SPM on which this chapter is largely based. See http://srren.org for the full report, list of authors, and extensive list of references that support the assessment). Most renewable energy resources are dependent on the local climate so there is a risk that they may be impacted by climate change. The size of the technical potentials of renewable energy resources and their geographic distribution could be affected, but there remains much uncertainty. The potential of renewable energy resources, even if significantly reduced, will still far exceed the projected global demand for primary energy, at least out to 2050. All mitigation scenarios show that renewable energy could provide a large share of energy demand in all regions.
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Notes
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An extensive literature list up to early 2011 is given in each chapter of the IPCC report should further details be required to substantiate any of the points addressed in this chapter.
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The technical potential is the amount of useful energy that can be obtained by the full implementation over time when using known technologies and practices relating to that specific RE resource. It excludes any impacts that competing costs, barriers and policies might have, though obvious practical constraints (such as the need for solar heated water to be produced in close proximity to the hot water demand) are normally included.
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Greenhouse growers often use “CO2 fertilisation” whereby they artificially increase the CO2 levels in the enclosed atmosphere using bottled CO2 or un-flued combustion heating plants, to enhance crop productivity.
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The LCOE represents the cost of an energy generation system over its assumed lifetime. It is calculated as the price per unit at which energy from a specific source must be generated in order to break-even over the project lifetime. It excludes the cost of delivery to the final customer, any costs of integration, subsidies, tax credits or external environmental costs.
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Power generation plants, such as reservoir-hydro, geothermal or biopower that can be scheduled to generate electricity as and when required are classed as dispatchable. CSP plants are classified as dispatchable only when some of the heat is stored for use at night or during periods of low sunshine. Variable RE technologies such as wind, solar or wavepower are deemed as partially dispatchable since generation can occur only when the RE resource is available.
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Sims, R.E.H. (2014). Renewable Energy and Climate Change Mitigation: An Overview of the IPCC Special Report. In: Troccoli, A., Dubus, L., Haupt, S. (eds) Weather Matters for Energy. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9221-4_4
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