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Feedback and Control Systems

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Abstract

One of the most important regulatory mechanisms is feedback [18, 29]. Virtually every physiological variable has a feedback control loop associated with it. Indeed, some would even say that every such variable has multiple feedback loops [120, 202]. Examples arise in the nervous system (e.g., pupil light reflex, recurrent inhibition, stretch reflex), protein synthesis and gene regulation, endocrine systems, respiration, blood cell production, and the control of blood pressure. Of course, the importance of feedback is not limited to physiology. Feedback mechanisms regulate population size, control climate, and even help us operate our automobiles.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Arthur Clifton Guyton (1919–2003), American physiologist.

  2. 2.

    Ludwig Edinger (1855–1918), German anatomist and neurologist; Carl Friedrich Otto Westphal (1833–1890), German neurologist and psychiatrist.

  3. 3.

    In the human iris, the dilator muscle is a poorly developed myoepithelial cell and likely does not exert much force. In contrast, the pigeon pupillary dilator is striated, and hence pigeon pupillary movements are faster than those of humans [349].

  4. 4.

    Edward Maitland Wright (1906–2005), English mathematician.

  5. 5.

    Ken-Ichi Naka (d. 2006), Japanese-American retinal physiologist; William Albert Hugh Rushton (1901–1980), English physiologist.

  6. 6.

    Brian Carey Goodwin (1931–2009), Canadian mathematician and biologist.

  7. 7.

    A more complete discussion of stability and characteristic functions for DDEs is given in [151, 593]. However, since the methodology in those works is more advanced than that used in this introductory discussion, we recommend these texts only as reference sources.

  8. 8.

    John Cheyne (1777–1836), British physician; William Stokes (1804–1878), Irish physician.

  9. 9.

    Ian Loram (PhD 2003), English professor of biomechanics.

  10. 10.

    Carl Pulfrich (1858–1927), German physicist.

  11. 11.

    John J. Tyson (b. 1947), American biologist.

  12. 12.

    Hugh R. Wilson (b. 1943), American-born, Canadian computational and experimental visual neuroscientist.

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  1. W.M. Keck Science Department, The Claremont Colleges, Claremont, CA, USA

    John Milton

  2. Graduate School of Mathematics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

    Toru Ohira

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Milton, J., Ohira, T. (2014). Feedback and Control Systems. In: Mathematics as a Laboratory Tool. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9096-8_9

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