Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Short Bowel Syndrome

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Complexities in Colorectal Surgery

  • 2306 Accesses

Abstract

Patients with short bowel syndrome, particularly those who are dependent on long-term parenteral nutrition, face serious clinical sequelae that can dramatically impact their quality of life and survival. Over the last few decades, innovations and refinements in nutritional, pharmacologic, and surgical therapies have improved outcomes significantly. An individualized and multidisciplinary management approach is mandatory, and this should ideally take place in specialized centers with the necessary expertise and resources to address these patients’ complex physical and psychosocial issues.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Buchman A, Scolapio J, Fryer J. AGA technical review on short bowel syndrome and intestinal transplantation. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:1111–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Jeejeebhoy KN. Management of short bowel syndrome: avoidance of total parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(2 Suppl 1):S60–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Buchman AL. Etiology and initial management of short bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(2 Suppl 1):S5–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Westergaard H. Short bowel syndrome. Semin Gastrointest Dis. 2002;13(4):210–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Nightingale J, Woodward JM. Guidelines for management of patients with a short bowel. Gut. 2006;55 Suppl 4:iv1–12.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Longshore S, Wakeman D, McMellen M, Warner B. Bowel resection induced intestinal adaptation: progress from bench to bedside. Minerva Pediatr. 2009;61(3):239–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Jeejeebhoy KN. Short bowel syndrome: a nutritional and medical approach. CMAJ. 2002;166(10):1297–302.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Thompson W, Wrathell E. The relation between ileal resection and vitamin B12 absorption. Can J Surg. 1977;20(5):461.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hofmann AF. Bile acid malabsorption caused by ileal resection. Arch Intern Med. 1972;130(4):597–605.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Lin H, Zhao X, Wang L. Intestinal transit is more potently inhibited by fat in the distal (ileal brake) than in the proximal (jejunal brake) gut. Dig Dis Sci. 1997;42(1):19–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Stanley S, Wynne K, Bloom S. Gastrointestinal satiety signals III. Glucagon-like peptide 1, oxyntomodulin, peptide YY, and pancreatic polypeptide. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2004;286:G693–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Nightingale J, Kamm M, van der Sijp J, Ghatei M, Bloom S, Lennard-Jones J. Gastrointestinal hormones in short bowel syndrome. Peptide YY may be the “colonic brake” to gastric emptying. Gut. 1996;39:267–72.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Fordtran J, Rector F, Carter N. The mechanisms of sodium absorption in the human small intestine. J Clin Invest. 1968;47(4):884–900.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Davis G, Santa Ana C, Morawski S, Fordtran J. Permeability characteristics of human jejunum, ileum, proximal colon and distal colon: results of potential difference measurements and unidirectional fluxes. Gastroenterology. 1982;83(4):844–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Chaet M, Farrell M, Ziegler M, Warner B. Intensive nutritional support and remedial surgical intervention for extreme short bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1994;19(3):295–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sondheimer J, Cadnapaphornchai M, Sontag M, Zerbe G. Predicting the duration of dependence on parenteral nutrition after neonatal intestinal resection. J Pediatr. 1998;132:80–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Andorsky D, Lund D, Lillehei C, Jaksic T, DiCanzio J, Richardson D, et al. Nutritional and other postoperative management of neonates with short bowel syndrome correlates with clinical outcomes. J Pediatr. 2001;139:27–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Dibaise JK, Young RJ, Vanderhoof JA. Enteric microbial flora, bacterial overgrowth, and short-bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatology. 2006;4(1):11–20.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Vanderhoof J, Young R, Murray N, Kaufman S. Treatment strategies for small bowel bacterial overgrowth in short bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998;27(2):155–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kaufman S, Loseke C, Lupo J, Young R, Murray N, Pinch L, et al. Influence of bacterial overgrowth and intestinal inflammation on duration of parenteral nutrition in children with short bowel syndrome. J Pediatr. 1997;131:356–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Fich A, Steadman C, Phillips S, Camilleri M, Brown M, Haddad A, et al. Ileocolonic transit does not change after right hemicolectomy. Gastroenterology. 1992;103(3):794–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Fry R, Mahmoud N, Maron D, Ross H, Rombeau J. Colon and rectum. In: Townsend C, Beauchamp R, Evers B, Mattox K, editors. Sabiston textbook of surgery. 18th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, Elsevier; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Joly F, Mayeur C, Messing B, Lavergne-Slove A, Cazals-Hatem D, Noordine M-L, et al. Morphological adaptation with preserved proliferation/transporter content in the colon of patients with short bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009;297(1):G116–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Royall D, Wolever T, Jeejeebhoy K. Evidence for colonic conservation of malabsorbed carbohydrate in short bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 1992;87(6):751–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Gouttebel MC, Saint-Aubert B, Astre C, Joyeux H. Total parenteral nutrition needs in different types of short bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 1986;31(7):718–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Nightingale JM, Lennard-Jones JE, Gertner DJ, Wood SR, Bartram CI. Colonic preservation reduces need for parenteral therapy, increases incidence of renal stones, but does not change high prevalence of gall stones in patients with a short bowel. Gut. 1992;33(11):1493–7.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Mitchell JE, Breuer RI, Zuckerman L, Berlin J, Schilli R, Dunn JK. The colon influences ileal resection diarrhea. Dig Dis Sci. 1980;25(1):33–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Thompson J. Short bowel syndrome and Crohn’s disease. J Gastrointest Surg. 2003;7(8):1069–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Polito J, Childs B, Mellits E, Tokayer A, Harris M, Bayless T. Crohn’s disease: influence of age at diagnosis and site and clinical type of disease. Gastroenterology. 1996;111(3):580–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Agwunobi A, Carlson G, Anderson I, Irving M, Scott N. Mechanisms of intestinal failure in Crohn’s disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44(12):1834–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Donohoe CL, Reynolds JV. Short bowel syndrome. Surgeon. 2010;8(5):270–9. Elsevier Ltd.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kotanagi H, Kramer K, Fazio VW, Petras RE. Do microscopic abnormalities at resection margins correlate with increased anastomotic recurrence in Crohn’s disease? Retrospective analysis of 100 cases. Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;34(10):909–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Yamamoto T, Fazio VW, Tekkis PP. Safety and efficacy of strictureplasty for Crohn’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50(11):1968–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Thompson JS. Comparison of massive vs. repeated resection leading to short bowel syndrome. J Gastrointest Surg. 2000;4(1):101–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Falkensammer J, Oldenburg WA. Surgical and medical management of mesenteric ischemia. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2006;8:137–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Sise MJ. Mesenteric ischemia: the whole spectrum. Scand J Surg. 2010;99(2):106–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ballard JL, Stone WM, Hallett JW, Pairolero PC, Cherry KJ. A critical analysis of adjuvant techniques used to assess bowel viability in acute mesenteric ischemia. Am Surg. 1993;59(5):309–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Thompson JS. Inflammatory disease and outcome of short bowel syndrome. Am J Surg. 2000;180(6):551–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Messing B, Crenn P, Beau P, Christine M, Ruault B, Rambaud JC, et al. Long-term survival and parenteral nutrition dependence in adult patients with the short bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1999;117:1043–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Boland E, Thompson J, Rochling F, Sudan D. A 25-year experience with postresection short-bowel syndrome secondary to radiation therapy. Am J Surg. 2010;200:690–3. Elsevier Inc.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Dietz D, Remzi F, Fazio V. Strictureplasty for obstructing small-bowel lesions in diffuse radiation enteritis-successful outcome in five patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44(12):1772–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Girvent M, Carlson GL, Shaffer J, Irving M, Scott NA. Intestinal failure after surgery for complicated radiation enteritis. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2000;82:198–201.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Marshall GT, Thirlby RC, Bredfeldt JE, Hampson NB. Treatment of gastrointestinal radiation injury with hyperbaric oxygen. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2007;34:35–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Yokoyama K, Ogura Y, Kawabata M, Hinoshita F, Suzuki Y, Hara S, et al. Hyperammonemia in a patient with short bowel syndrome and chronic renal failure. Nephron. 1996;72:693–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Mayne A, Handy D, Preece M, George R, Booth I. Dietary management of D-lactic acidosis in short bowel syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 1990;65:229–31.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Dray X, Joly F, Reijasse D, Attar A, Alves A, Panis Y, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and complications of cholelithiasis in patients with home parenteral nutrition. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;204(1):13–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Dobbins J, Binder H. Effect of bile salts and fatty acids on the colonic absorption of oxalate. Gastroenterology. 1976;70:1096–100.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Backman L, Hallberg D. Small intestinal length. An intraoperative study in obesity. Acta Chir Scand. 1974;140:57–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Slater G, Aufses A. Small bowel length in Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1991;8:1037–40.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Nightingale J, Bartram C, Lennard-Jones J. Length of residual small bowel after partial resection: correlation between radiographic and surgical measurements. Gastrointest Radiol. 1991;16:305–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Crenn P, Messing B, Cynober L. Citrulline as a biomarker of intestinal failure due to enterocyte mass reduction. Clin Nutr. 2008;27(3):328–39.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Crenn P, Coudray-Lucas C, Thuillier F, Cynober L, Messing B. Postabsorptive plasma citrulline concentration is a marker of absorptive enterocyte mass and intestinal failure in humans. Gastroenterology. 2000;119:1496–505.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Jianfeng G, Weiming Z, Ning L, Fangnan L, Li T, Nan L, et al. Serum citrulline is a simple quantitative marker for small intestinal enterocytes mass and absorption function in short bowel patients. J Surg Res. 2005;127(2):177–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Luo M, Fernandez-Estivariz C, Manatunga A, Bazargan N, Gu L, Jones D, et al. Are plasma citrulline and glutamine biomarkers of intestinal absorptive function in patients with short bowel syndrome? J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2007;31:1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Ziegler T, Leader L. Parenteral nutrition: transient or permanent therapy in intestinal failure? Gastroenterology. 2006;130:S37–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Sigalet D, Boctor D, Brindle M, Lam V, Robertson M. Elements of successful intestinal rehabilitation. J Pediatr Surg [Internet]. 2011;46(1):150–6. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21238657. Cited 20 Sep 2012. Elsevier Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Messing B, Joly F. Guidelines for management of home parenteral support in adult chronic intestinal failure patients. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(2 Suppl 1):S43–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Goulet O, Joly F, Corriol O, Colomb-Jung V. Some new insights in intestinal failure-associated liver disease. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2009;14(3):256–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Ekema G, Falchetti D, Boroni G, Tanca AR, Altana C, Righetti L, et al. Reversal of severe parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease in an infant with short bowel syndrome using parenteral fish oil (omega-3 fatty acids). J Pediatr Surg. 2008;43(6):1191–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Gura KM, Lee S, Valim C, Zhou J, Kim S, Modi BP, et al. Safety and efficacy of a fish-oil-based fat emulsion in the treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. Pediatrics. 2008;121(3):e678–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Mertes N, Grimm H, Fürst P, Stehle P. Safety and efficacy of a new parenteral lipid emulsion (SMOFlipid) in surgical patients: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. Ann Nutr Metab. 2006;50(3):253–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Schiano T, Klang M, Quesada E, Scott F, Tao Y, Shike M. Thiamine status in patients receiving long-term home parenteral nutrition. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91(12):2555–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Wolman S, Anderson G, Marliss E, Jeejeebhoy K. Zinc in total parenteral nutrition: requirements and metabolic effects. Gastroenterology. 1979;76:458–67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Lane H, Lotspeich C, Moore C, Ballard J, Dudrick S, Warren D. The effect of selenium supplementation on selenium status of patients receiving chronic total parenteral nutrition. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1987;11:177–82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Vantini I, Benini L, Bonfante F, Talamini G, Sembenini C, Chiarioni G, et al. Survival rate and prognostic factors in patients with intestinal failure. Dig Liver Dis. 2004;36:46–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Amiot A, Messing B, Corcos O, Panis Y, Joly F. Determinants of home parenteral nutrition dependence and survival of 268 patients with non-malignant short bowel syndrome. Clin Nutr. 2012;23:1–7. Elsevier Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Bines JE. Intestinal failure: a new era in clinical management. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24 Suppl 3:S86–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Briones E, Iber F. Liver and biliary tract changes associated with total parenteral nutrition: pathogenesis and prevention. J Am Coll Nutr. 1995;14:219–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Cavicchi M, Beau P, Crenn P, Degott C, Messing B. Prevalence of liver disease and contributing factors in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition for permanent intestinal failure. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132(7):525–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Lowry S, Brennan M. Abnormal liver function during parenteral nutrition: relation to infusion excess. J Surg Res. 1979;26:300.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Lindor K, Burnes J. Ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of home parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis. Gastroenterology. 1991;101:250–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Spagnuolo M, Iorio R, Vegnente A, Guarino A. Ursodeoxycholic acid for treatment of cholestasis in children on long-term total parenteral nutrition: a pilot study. Gastroenterology. 1996;111:716–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Buchman A, Moukarzel A, Goodson B, Herzog F, Pollack P, Reyen L, et al. Catheter-related infections associated with home parenteral nutrition and predictive factors for the need for catheter removal in their treatment. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1994;18:297–302.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Buchman A, Misra S, Moukarzel A, Ament M. Catheter thrombosis and superior/inferior vena cava syndrome are rare complications of long term parenteral nutrition. Clin Nutr. 1994;13(6):356–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Moukarzel A, Haddad I, Ament M, Buchman A, Reyen L, Maggioni A, et al. 230 patient years of experience with home long-term parenteral nutrition in childhood: natural history and life of central venous catheters. J Pediatr Surg. 1994;29(10):1323–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Leiby J, Purcell H, Demaria J, Kraut E, Sagone A, Metz E. Pulmonary embolism as a result of Hickman catheter-related thrombosis. Am J Med. 1989;86:228–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Gould J, Carloss H, Skinner W. Groshong catheter-associated subclavian venous thrombosis. Am J Med. 1993;95:419–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Buchman A, Sohel M, Brown M, Jenden D, Ahn C, Roch M, et al. Verbal and visual memory improve after choline supplementation in long-term total parenteral nutrition: a pilot study. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2001;25:30–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. DiBaise JK, Young RJ, Vanderhoof JA. Intestinal rehabilitation and the short bowel syndrome: part 1. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(7):1386–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Drucker D, Erlich P, Asa S, Brubaker P. Induction of intestinal epithelial proliferation by glucagon-like peptide 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(15):7911–26.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Joly F, Dray X, Corcos O, Barbot L, Kapel N, Messing B. Tube feeding improves intestinal absorption in short bowel syndrome patients. Gastroenterology. 2009;136(3):824–31. AGA Institute American Gastroenterological Association.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Vanderhoof J. Short bowel syndrome. Neonatal Gastroenterol. 1996;23:377–86.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. McIntyre P, Fitchew M, Lennard-Jones J. Patients with a jejunostomy do not need a special diet. Gastroenterology. 1986;91:25–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Lennard-Jones J. Review article: practical management of the short bowel. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1994;8:563–77.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Cosnes J, Lamy P, Beaugerie L, Le Quintrec M, Gendre J, Le Quintrec Y. Adaptive hyperphagia in patients with postsurgical malabsorption. Gastroenterology. 1990;99(6):1814–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Aly A, Barany F, Kollberg B, Monsen U, Wisen O, Johansson C. Effect of an H2-receptor blocking agent on diarrhoeas after extensive small bowel resection in Crohn’s disease. Acta Med Scand. 1980;207:119–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Jacobsen O, Ladefoged K, Stage J, Jarnum S. Effects of cimetidine on jejunostomy effluents in patients with severe short-bowel syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1986;21(7):824–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Jeppesen P, Staun M, Tjellesen L, Mortensen P. Effect of intravenous ranitidine and omeprazole on intestinal absorption of water, sodium, and macronutrients in patients with intestinal resection. Gut. 1998;43:763–9.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Williams N, Evans P, King R. Gastric acid secretion and gastrin production in the short bowel syndrome. Gut. 1985;26(9):914–9.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Cooper J, Williams N, King R, Barker M. Effects of a long-acting somatostatin analogue in patients with severe ileostomy diarrhoea. Br J Surg. 1986;73(2):128–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Kusuhara K, Kusunoki M, Okamoto T, Sakanoue Y, Utsunomiya J. Reduction of the effluent volume in high-output ileostomy patients by a somatostatin analogue, SMS 201–995. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1992;7(4):202–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Rodrigues C, Lennard-Jones J, Thompson D, Farthing M. The effects of octreotide, soy polysaccharide, codeine and loperamide on nutrient, fluid and electrolyte absorption in the short-bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1989;3(2):159–69.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Sukhotnik I, Khateeb K, Krausz MM, Sabo E, Siplovich L, Coran AG, et al. Sandostatin impairs postresection intestinal adaptation in a rat model of short bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 2002;47(9):2095–102.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Hodin RA, Saldinger P, Meng S. Small bowel adaptation: counter regulatory effects of epidermal growth factor and somatostatin on the program of early gene expression. Surgery. 1995;118(2):206–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. King R, Norton T, Hill G. A double-blind crossover study of the effect of loperamide hydrochloride and codeine phosphate on ileostomy output. Aust N Z J Surg. 1982;52(2):121–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Tytgat G, Huibregtse K. Loperamide and ileostomy output – placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study. BMJ. 1975;2:667–8.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Newton C. Effect of codeine phosphate, Lomotil, and Isogel on ileostomy function. Gut. 1978;19(5):377–83.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Hofmann A, Poley J. Role of bile acid malabsorption in the pathogenesis of diarrhoea and steatorrhoea in patients with ileal resection. I. Response to cholestyramine or replacement of dietary long chain triglyceride by medium chain triglycerides. Gastroenterology. 1972;62:918–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Compston J, Horton L. Oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in treatment of osteomalacia associated with ileal resection and cholestyramine. Gastroenterology. 1978;74:900–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Hart M, Phares C, Erdman S, Grandjean C, Park J, Vanderhoof J. Augmentation of postresection mucosal hyperplasia by plerocercoid growth factor (PGF) – analog of human growth hormone. Dig Dis Sci. 1987;32(11):1275–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Shulman D, Hu C, Duckett G, Lavallee-Grey M. Effects of short-term growth hormone therapy in rats undergoing 75% small intestinal resection. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1992;14:3–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Tamada H, Nezu R, Matsuo Y, Imamura I, Takagi Y, Okada A. Alanyl glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition restores intestinal adaptation after either proximal or distal massive resection in rats. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1993;17(3):236–42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Gardemann A, Watanabe Y, Grosse V, Hesse S, Jungermann K. Increases in intestinal glucose absorption and hepatic glucose uptake elicited by luminal but not vascular glutamine in the jointly perfused small intestine and liver of the rat. Biochem J. 1992;283:759–65.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Byrne TA, Morrissey TB, Nattakom TV, Ziegler TR, Wilmore DW. Growth hormone, glutamine, and a modified diet enhance nutrient absorption in patients with severe short bowel syndrome. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1995;19(4):296–302.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Weiming Z, Ning L, Jieshou L. Effect of recombinant human growth hormone and enteral nutrition on short bowel syndrome. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2004;28(6):377.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Scolapio J, Camilleri M, Fleming C, Oenning L, Burton D, Sebo T, et al. Effect of growth hormone, glutamine, and diet on adaptation in short-bowel syndrome: a randomized, controlled study. Gastroenterology. 1997;113(4):1074.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Szkudlarek J, Jeppesen P, Mortensen P. Effect of high dose growth hormone with glutamine and no change in diet on intestinal absorption in short bowel patients: a randomised, double blind, crossover, placebo controlled study. Gut. 2000;47(2):199.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Seguy D, Vahedi K, Kapel N, Souberbielle J, Messing B. Low-dose growth hormone in adult home parenteral nutrition-dependent short bowel syndrome patients: a positive study. Gastroenterology. 2003;124(2):293.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Ellegard L, Bosaeus I, Nordgren S, Bengtsson B. Low-dose recombinant human growth hormone increases body weight and lean body mass in patients with short bowel syndrome. Ann Surg. 1997;225(1):88–96.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Scolapio J, McGreevy K, Tennyson G, Burnett O. Effect of glutamine in short-bowel syndrome. Clin Nutr. 2001;20(4):319.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Meier J, Nauck M, Pott A, Heinze K, Goetze O, Bulut K, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 2 stimulates glucagon secretion, enhances lipid absorption, and inhibits gastric acid secretion in humans. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(1):44–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Guan X, Karpen H, Stephens J, Bukowski J, Niu S, Zhang G, et al. GLP-2 receptor localizes to enteric neurons and endocrine cells expressing vasoactive peptides and mediates increased blood flow. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(1):150–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Jeppesen P, Hartmann B, Hansen B, Thulesen J, Holst J, Mortensen P. Impaired meal stimulated glucagon-like peptide 2 response in ileal resected short bowel patients with intestinal failure. Gut. 1999;45(4):559–63.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Jeppesen P, Lund P, Gottschalck I, Nielsen H, Holst J, Mortensen J, et al. Short bowel patients treated for two years with glucagon-like peptide 2: effects on intestinal morphology and absorption, renal function, bone and body composition, and muscle function. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2009;616054:12.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Jeppesen P, Sanguinetti E, Buchman A, Howard L, Scolapio J, Ziegler T, et al. Teduglutide (ALX-0600), a dipeptidyl peptidase IV resistant glucagon-like peptide 2 analogue, improves intestinal function in short bowel syndrome patients. Gut. 2005;54(9):1224–31.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Jeppesen P, Gilroy R, Pertkiewicz M, Allard J, Messing B, O’Keefe S. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of teduglutide in reducing parenteral nutrition and/or intravenous fluid requirements in patients with short bowel syndrome. Gut. 2011;60(7):902–14.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Buchman AL, Katz S, Fang JC, Bernstein CN, Abou-Assi SG, Teduglutide Study Group. Teduglutide, a novel mucosally active analog of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) for the treatment of moderate to severe Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010;16(6):962–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Sukhotnik I, Yakirevich E, Coran AG, Siplovich L, Krausz M, Hirsh M, et al. Effect of transforming growth factor-α on intestinal adaptation in a rat model of short bowel syndrome. J Surg Res. 2002;108(2):235–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Falcone R, Stern L, Kemp C, Erwin C, Warner B. Intestinal adaptation occurs independent of transforming growth factor-alpha. J Pediatr Surg. 2000;35(2):365–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Kato Y, Yu D, Schwartz M. Enhancement of intestinal adaptation by hepatocyte growth factor. J Pediatr Surg. 1998;33(2):235.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Alavi K, Prasad R, Lundgren K, Schwartz M. Interleukin-11 enhances small intestine absorptive function and mucosal mass after intestinal adaptation. J Pediatr Surg. 2000;35(2):371.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Ziegler T, Mantell M, Chow J, Rombeau J, Smith R. Intestinal adaptation after extensive small bowel resection: differential changes in growth and insulin-like growth factor system messenger ribonucleic acids in jejunum and ileum. Endocrinology. 1998;139(7):3119–26.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Yang H, Wildhaber B, Teitelbaum D. 2003 Harry M. Vars Research Award. Keratinocyte growth factor improves epithelial function after massive small bowel resection. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2003;27(3):198.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Wales PW. Surgical therapy for short bowel syndrome. Pediatr Surg Int. 2004;20:647–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Carlson G. Surgical management of intestinal failure. Proc Nutr Soc. 2003;62(3):711–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Panis Y, Messing B, Rivet P, Coffin B, Hautefeuille P, Matuchansky C, et al. Segmental reversal of the small bowel as an alternative to intestinal transplantation in patients with short bowel syndrome. Ann Surg. 1997;225(4):401–7.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Barksdale EM, Stanford A. The surgical management of short bowel syndrome. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2002;4(3):229–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Brolin R. Colon interposition for extreme short bowel syndrome: a case report. Surgery. 1986;100(3):576–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Thompson J, Langnas A, Pinch L, Kaufman S, Quigley E, Vanderhoof J. Surgical approach to short bowel syndrome. Experience in a population of 160 patients. Ann Surg. 1995;222(4):600–5.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Devine R, Kelly K. Surgical therapy of the short bowel syndrome. Gastroenteol Clin N Am. 1989;18(3):603–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Sudan D, Thompson J, Botha J, Grant W, Antonson D, Raynor S, et al. Comparison of intestinal lengthening procedures for patients with short bowel syndrome. Ann Surg. 2007;246(4):593–601; discussion 601–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Bianchi A. Intestinal loop lengthening – a technique for increasing small intestinal length. J Pediatr Surg. 1980;15:145–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Sudan D. Advances in the nontransplant medical and surgical management of intestinal failure. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2009;14:274–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Reinshagen K, Kabs C, Wirth H, Hable N, Brade J, Zahn K, et al. Long-term outcome in patients with short bowel syndrome after longitudinal intestinal lengthening and tailoring. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008;47:573–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Kim HB, Fauza D, Garza J, Oh J-T, Nurko S, Jaksic T. Serial transverse enteroplasty (STEP): a novel bowel lengthening procedure. J Pediatr Surg. 2003;38(3):425–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Modi BP, Javid PJ, Jaksic T, Piper H, Langer M, Duggan C, et al. First report of the international serial transverse enteroplasty data registry: indications, efficacy, and complications. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;204(3):365–71.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Oliveira C, de Silva N, Wales PW. Five-year outcomes after serial transverse enteroplasty in children with short bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Surg. 2012;47(5):931–7. Elsevier B.V.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Abu-Elmagd K. Intestinal transplantation for short bowel syndrome and gastrointestinal failure: current consensus, rewarding outcomes, and practical guidelines. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:S132–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Tzakis AG, Kato T, Levi DM, DeFaria W, Selvaggi G, Weppler D, et al. 100 multivisceral transplants at a single center. Ann Surg. 2005;242:480–93.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Fishbein TM, Kaufman SS, Florman SS, Gondolesi GE, Schiano T, Kim-Schluger L, et al. Isolated intestinal transplantation: proof of clinical efficacy. Transplantation. 2003;76(4):636–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Nishida S, Levi D, Kato T, Nery JR, Mittal N, Hadjis N, et al. Ninety-five cases of intestinal transplantation at the University of Miami. J Gastrointest Surg. 2002;6(2):233–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Abu-Elmagd KM, Costa G, Bond GJ, Soltys K, Sindhi R, Wu T, et al. Five hundred intestinal and multivisceral transplantations at a single center: major advances with new challenges. Ann Surg. 2009;250(4):567–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Abu-Elmagd KM, Kosmach-Park B, Costa G, Zenati M, Martin L, Koritsky DA. Long-term survival, nutritional autonomy, and quality of life after intestinal and multivisceral transplantation. Ann Surg. 2012;256(3):494–508.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Fishbein TM. Intestinal transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(10):998–1008.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Fishbein TM, Matsumoto CS. Intestinal replacement therapy: timing and indications for referral of patients to an intestinal rehabilitation and transplant program. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:S147–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Vianna RM, Mangus RS. Present prospects and future perspectives of intestinal and multivisceral transplantation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009;12(3):281–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Fecteau A, Atkinson P, Grant D. Early referral is essential for successful pediatric small bowel transplantation: the Canadian experience. J Pediatr Surg. 2001;36:681–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. DeLegge M, Alsolaiman MM, Barbour E, Bassas S, Siddiqi MF, Moore NM. Short bowel syndrome: parenteral nutrition versus intestinal transplantation. Where are we today? Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52(4):876–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. O’Keefe SJD, Emerling M, Koritsky D, Martin D, Stamos J, Kandil H, et al. Nutrition and quality of life following small intestinal transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(5):1093–100.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Sudan D. Cost and quality of life after intestinal transplantation. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:S158–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Grikscheit TC, Siddique A, Ochoa ER, Srinivasan A, Alsberg E, Hodin RA, et al. Tissue-engineered small intestine improves recovery after massive small bowel resection. Ann Surg. 2004;240(5):748–54.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Gupta A, Dixit A, Sales KM, Winslet MC, Seifalian AM. Tissue engineering of small intestine – current status. Biomacromolecules. 2006;7(10):2701–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Dunn J. Is the tissue-engineered intestine clinically viable? Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;5(7):366–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Howard L, Heaphey L, Fleming CR, Lininger L, Steiger E. Four years of North American registry home parenteral nutrition outcome data and their implications for patient management. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1991;15(4):384–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Lloyd DA, Vega R, Bassett P, Forbes A, Gabe SM. Survival and dependence on home parenteral nutrition: experience over a 25-year period in a UK referral centre. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24(8):1231–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Scolapio JS, Fleming CR, Kelly DG, Wick DM, Zinsmeister AR. Survival of home parenteral nutrition-treated patients: 20 years of experience at the Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999;74(3):217–22. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Jeppesen PB, Langholz E, Mortensen PB. Quality of life in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. Gut. 1999;44(6):844–52.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Richards D, Carlson G. Quality of life assessment and cost effectiveness. In: Nightingale J, editor. Intestinal failure. London: Greenwich Medical Media Limited; 2001. p. 447–57.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Smith CE. Quality of life in long-term total parenteral nutrition patients and their family caregivers. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1993;17:501–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Bianchi A. From the cradle to enteral autonomy: the role of autologous gastrointestinal reconstruction. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:S141.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Javid PJ, Kim HB, Duggan CP, Jaksic T. Serial transverse enteroplasty is associated with successful short-term outcomes in infants with short bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Surg. 2005;40:1020.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Ilun Yang MD, FRCSC

  2. Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Robin P. Boushey BSc, MD, PhD, CIP, FRCSC

Authors
  1. Ilun Yang MD, FRCSC
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Robin P. Boushey BSc, MD, PhD, CIP, FRCSC
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robin P. Boushey BSc, MD, PhD, CIP, FRCSC .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery Department of Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, Fort Lewis, WA, USA

    Scott R. Steele MD

  2. Division of Colorectal Surgery Department of Surgery, UMass Memorial Medical Center University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA

    Justin A. Maykel MD

  3. Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery Department of Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Bradley J. Champagne MD

  4. Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center LSU School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA

    Guy R. Orangio MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Yang, I., Boushey, R.P. (2014). Short Bowel Syndrome. In: Steele, S.R., Maykel, J.A., Champagne, B.J., Orangio, G.R. (eds) Complexities in Colorectal Surgery. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9022-7_29

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9022-7_29

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-9021-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-9022-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation