Abstract
Cardiac function relies on its normal electric initiation and conduction, myocardial contractility, and all four valves ensuring the blood flowing in normal direction. To maintain this function, adequate coronary blood/oxygen supply to the heart is critical. In basic cardiac electric system, the rhythmic cardiac contraction originates spontaneously in the sinoatrial node (SA) located in the wall of RA adjacent to superior jugular vein (SVC) opening; electric impulse is conducted to the atrioventricular node (AV) located at the lower part of atrial septum immediately above the attachment of septal cusp of tricuspid valve; then the electric signal travels to the bundle of His (or AV bundle) and continues to the right bundle branch and left bundle branch and finally extends into the small Purkinje fibers. In cardiac cycle, after RA and LA receive systemic venous return and pulmonary blood return, respectively, atrial contractions move blood into RV and LV, respectively; this is the diastole. Then LV contracts to propel blood into the aorta and then systemic circulation, and RV contracts to force blood into pulmonary artery; thus, deoxygenated blood gets oxygenation in the lungs. This phase is called systole.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
http://healthyheart-sundar.blogspot.com/2011_03_01_archive.html.
Kaplan JA, Reich DL, Savino JS. Cardiac physiology: the echo era. In: Kaplan, Reich, Konstadt, Savino, editors. Chapter 5, in 6th edition, Kaplan’s cardiac anesthesia. by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. St Louis, Missouri. 2011. ISBN: 9781437716177.
Kaplan JA, Reich DL, Savino JS. Transfusion Medicine and Coagulation Disorders. Edited by Kaplan, Reich, Konstadt and Savino. 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. St Louis, Missouri. 2011-04-08, ISBN 9781437716177.
Williams JB, Alexander KP, Morin JF, Langlois Y, Noiseux N, Perrault LP, Smolderen K, Arnold SV, Eisenberg MJ, Pilote L, Monette J, Bergman H, Smith PK, Afilalo J. Preoperative anxiety as a predictor of mortality and major morbidity in patients aged >70 years undergoing cardiac surgery. Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(1):137–42. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.08.060. PMID: 23245838.
Tully PJ, Bennetts JS, Baker RA, McGavigan AD, Turnbull DA, Winefield HR. Anxiety, depression, and stress as risk factors for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Heart Lung. 2011;40(1):4–11. doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2009.12.010.
Archambault P, Dionne CE, Lortie G, LeBlanc F, Rioux A, Larouche G. Adrenal inhibition following a single dose of etomidate in intubated traumatic brain injury victims. CJEM. 2012;14(5):270–82.
Liu H, Fox CJ, Zhang S, Kaye AD. Cardiovascular pharmacology: an update. Anesthesiol Clin. 2010;28(4):723–38. doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2010.09.001. Review. PMID: 21074748.
Levosimendan: http://www.orion.fi/Documents/Publications%20and%20Media%20main%20file/Presentation%20materials%20PDF/Simdax%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf.
Mebazaa, et al. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11:304–11.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Chemical Structures
Chemical Structures
Argatroban
Labetalol
Nicardipine
Dopamine
Adenosine
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Liu, H., Yan, H., Chen, M., Chen, M., Fox, C., Kaye, A.D. (2015). Cardiac Surgery. In: Kaye, A., Kaye, A., Urman, R. (eds) Essentials of Pharmacology for Anesthesia, Pain Medicine, and Critical Care. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8948-1_38
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8948-1_38
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-8947-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-8948-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)