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Abstract

The foot and ankle function together in an extremely complex network of structures, each of which can be affected by injury. Multiplanar movement is achieved by interactions between the ankle, hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot. Stability is provided primarily by the medial (deltoid) and lateral ligaments. The mobility and repetitive stress on the foot and ankle make them susceptible to injury. The bones and their cartilaginous articulations are subject to degeneration, fracture, and inflammation. The muscles, tendons, and ligaments can suffer from acute or chronic tearing or overuse. Peripheral neuropathy and vascular disease can lead to injury and impair healing.

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Correspondence to Kiran Vadada MD .

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Vadada, K., Chang, R.G., Sahler, C., Kirschner, J.S. (2014). Foot and Ankle. In: Spinner, D., Kirschner, J., Herrera, J. (eds) Atlas of Ultrasound Guided Musculoskeletal Injections. Musculoskeletal Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8936-8_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8936-8_7

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