Abstract
Typical EIS measurements are usually carried out in a frequency range of 20 to 50 kHz to 0.1 Hz. However, in dielectric [669] or fast kinetic studies [670], high frequencies up to several megahertz are necessary. Such measurements cannot be carried out with a potentiostat, which is too slow and introduces additional phase shift. On the other hand, very slow frequencies in the millihertz or microhertz range are necessary in studies of intercalation (batteries [671, 672], hydride formation [673]). In addition, the measured impedance varies from several megaohms (or gigaohms) for paints and coatings, corrosion in concrete, or solid materials to milliohms or lower [674] for fuel cells or batteries. This puts high demands on the measurement equipment and can lead to errors and artifacts. This measuring equipment and cell problems will be described below.
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Lasia, A. (2014). Instrumental Limitations. In: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and its Applications. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8933-7_16
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