Abstract
This chapter explores social science literature on the nuclear family as related to variables of race, ethnicity, and parenting. In doing so the contributors have struggled with what are the most important things to say about a topic that is so vast in scope. We focus on the main purpose of parenting which is the socialization of children, but also provide critical analysis of the challenges that social science faces in defining family as a socially constructed system evolving within the culture of the USA. This evolution impacts the function of parenting given the subcultural contexts in which parenting occurs. Bornstein (Being and becoming a parent, handbook of parenting. Psychology Press, 2002) states that:
“Despite the fact that most people become parents and everyone who has ever lived has had parents… parenting remains a most mystifying subject…parents create people…Parenthood is a job whose primary object of attention and action is the child” (Bornstein, 2002, ix).
The online version of the original chapter can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8860-6_19
An erratum to this chapter can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8860-6_19
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allen, S. F., & Stoltenberg, C. D. (1995). Psychological separation of older adolescents and young adults from their parents: An investigation of gender differences. Journal of Counseling and Development, 73, 542–560.
Alvy, K. T. (2012). The center for improvement of child caring. Retrieved March 10, 2012, from http://ciccparenting.org/
Ambert, A. (1992). The effects of children on parents. New York, NY: Haworth Press.
American Bar Association. (2008). Commission on domestic violence. Domestic violence civil protection orders, overview of CPO Protections for LGBT victims of domestic violence. Retrieved March 23, 2013, from http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/domviol/pdfs/CPO_Protections_for_LGBT_Victims_7_08.authcheckdam.pdf
Avis, J. M. (1996). Deconstructing gender in family therapy. In F. P. Piercy, D. H. Sprenkler, & J. L. Wetchler (Eds.), Family therapy sourcebook (pp. 221–251). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Baumrind, D. (1978). Parental disciplinary patterns and social competence in children. Youth and Society, 9, 239–276.
Beemyn, B., & Eliason, M. J. (1996). Queer studies: A lesbian, gay, bisexual, & transgender anthology. New York, NY: University Press.
Bennett, J., & Grimley, L. R. (2001). Parenting in the global community: A cross cultural/international perspective. In M. J. Fine & S. Lee (Eds.), Handbook of diversity in parent education (pp. 97–132). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Bergman, S. J. (1995). Men’s psychological development: A relational perspective. In R. F. Levant & W. S. Pollack (Eds.), A new psychology for men (pp. 68–69). New York, NY: Basic Books.
Berry, J. W., Segall, M., & Kagitcibasi, C. (Eds.). (1997). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology. New York, NY: Allan and Bacon.
Bettelheim, B. (1988). Good enough parent. New York, NY: Vintage.
Biblarz, T. J., & Savci, E. (2010). Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 480–497.
Bornstein, M. H. (Ed.). (2002). Being and becoming a parent, handbook of parenting (Vol. 3). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Bornstein, M. H., & Cheah, C. S. L. (2006). The place of “culture and parenting” in the ecological contextual perspective on developmental science. In K. H. Rubin & O. B. Chung (Eds.), Parenting beliefs, behaviors, and parent – child relations (pp. 3–34). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Boszormenyi-Nagy, I., & Kransner, B. R. (1986). Between give and take: A clinical guide to contextual therapy. New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.
Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. New York, NY: Aronson.
Boyd-Franklin, N. (2010). Black families in therapy: Understanding the African American experience. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments in nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Brubaker, T. H. (1985). Later life families. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Burke, R., & Herron, R. (1996). Common sense parenting: A proven guide for raising responsible kids and building happy families. Boys Town Nebraska: Boys Town Press.
Carrillo, R. A., & Tello, J. (Eds.). (1998). Family violence and men of color: Healing the wounded male spirit. New York, NY: Springer.
CensusScope. (2012). U.S. multiracial population: Census 2000 analyzed by the social science data analysis network (SSDAN). Retrieved September 19, 2012, from http://www.censusscope.org/us/chart_multi.html
Center for Disease Control. (2013). National marriage and divorce rate trends. Retrieved March 23, 2013, from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/marriage_divorce_tables.htm
Chamberlin, R. W. (1974). Authoritarian and accommodative childrearing styles: Their relationships with behavior patterns or two-year-old children and with other variables. Journal of Pediatrics, 84, 287–298.
Cicirelli, V. G. (2000). An examination of the trajectory of the adult child’s caregiving for an elderly parent. Family Relation, 49(2), 169–175.
Clarke, V. (2000). Stereotype, attack and stigmatize those who disagree: Employing scientific rhetoric in debates about lesbian and gay parenting. Feminism and Psychology, 10(1), 152–159.
DADT. (2012). Don’t ask don’t tell: Final report. Retrieved March 1, 2012, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/politics/dont-ask-dont-tell-timeline/
Davis, A. (1981). Women, race and class. New York, NY: Random House.
Department of Justice. (2008). Annual report on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender domestic violence. Retrieved September 21, 2012 at The national coalition of anti-violence programs (NCAVP). http://www.avp.org
Department on Aging. (2012). Facts on grandparents raising grandchildren. Retrieved March 3, 2012, from http://www.state.il.us/aging/1intergen/grg_facts.htm
Deyoung, Y., & Zigler, E. G. (1994). Machismo in two cultures: Relation to punitive child-rearing practices. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 64(3), 386–395.
Divorce Science. (2013). Divorce rates per 1000 persons in the United States for the past 100 years. Retrieved March 23, 2013, from http://divorcescience.org/for-students/graph-of-us-divorce-rate-1887-2009/
Dobbins, J. E. (1978). An application of multidimensional power theory in estimating effects of maternal power on developmental self esteem. Washington, DC: Eastern Psychological Association.
Dobbins, J. E., Porter, T. G., Franchi, A., Houston, M., Thornton, A., Valentine, T., et al. (2011). Working with black males and their families. Washington, DC: The Association of Black Psychologists Annual Convention.
Dobbins, J. E., & Skillings, J. (2005). White racism and mental health: Treating the individual racist. In R. T. Carter (Ed.), Handbook of racial-cultural psychology and counseling: Training and practice.V2 (pp. 427–446). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Dobson, J. (1992). The new dare to discipline. Peabody, MA: Tyndale.
Doheny, K. (2012). Researchers say that children of lesbian parents have fewer problems. Retrieved September 19, 2012 at WebMD Health News. http://www.webmd.com/parenting/news/20100607/kids-of-lesbian-parents-are-well-adjusted?page=1
DOMA. (1996). The defense of marriage act (Pub.L. 104-199, 110 Stat. 2419, 1 U.S.C. § 7 and 28 U.S.C. § 1738C). Retrieved September 21, 2012, from http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/104/hr3396
Factfinder2. (2010). US census populations. Retrieved January 4, 2012, from http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productelevisioniew.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_GCTP1.US20&prodType=table and Census family data, 2010 Retrieved from http://www.childstats.gov/americaschildren/tables/fam1b.asp?popup=true
Fels Institute Parent Rating Scales. (1950). The psychological monographs, general and applied (Vol. 63). Washington, DC: The American Psychological Association.
Fine, M. J., & Lee, S. (Eds.). (2001). Handbook of diversity in parent education. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Fitzgerald, B. (1999). Children of lesbian and gay parents: A review of the literature. Marriage and Family Review, 29(1), 57–75.
Fontes, L. A., & Thomas, V. (1996). Cultural issues in family therapy. In F. P. Piercy, D. H. Sprenkler, & J. L. Wetchler (Eds.), Family therapy sourcebook (pp. 257–279). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Goldenberg, H., & Goldenberg, I. (2008). Family therapy: An overview. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Goldman, R. (1996). Who is that queer queer? Exploring norms around sexuality, race, and class in queer theory. In B. Beemyn & M. Eliason (Eds.), Queer studies: A lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender anthology (pp. 163–169). New York, NY: New York University Press.
Gordon, T. (2000). Parent effectiveness training: The proven program for raising responsible children. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press.
Gunnar, A., Magarati, M., & Mogford, L. (2009). Examining the influences of gender, race, ethnicity and social capital on the subjective health of adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 32(1), 109–133.
Hampton, R. L., Gelles, R. J., & Harrop, J. W. (1989). Is violence in Black families increasing? A comparison of 1975 and 1985 national survey rates. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51(4), 969–980.
Harkness, S., & Super, C. M. (2006). Themes and variations: Parental ethnotheories in Western cultures. In K. H. Rubin & O. B. Chung (Eds.), Parental beliefs, parenting, and child development in cross-cultural perspective (pp. 61–79). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Hicks, S. (2011). Lesbian, gay and queer parenting: Families, intimacies, genealogies. New York, NY: Palgrave-Mcmillan.
Holden, G. W. (1990). Parenthood. In J. Touliatos, B. F. Perl Mutter, & M. A. Straus (Eds.), Handbook of family measurement techniques (pp. 285–308). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Holden, G. W. (Ed.). (2010). Parenting: A dynamic perspective. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Hunter, N. D., Joslin, C. G., & McGowan, S. M. (2004). The rights of lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, and transgender people: The Authoritative ACLU guide to the rights of lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, and transgendered people (American civil liberties union handbook, pp. 138–141). New York, NY: New York University Press.
Infoplease. (2012). U.S. households, families, and married couples, 1890–2006. Retrieved September 20, 2012, at Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0005055.html#ixzz26zoVKMpI
Jang, J. J. (2002). Race, ethnicity and deviance: A study of delinquency among Asian and non-Asian youth. Reviewed work(s). Sociological Forum, 17(4), 647–680.
Kyratzis, A. (2004). Talk and interacton among children and the co-construction of peer groups and peer culture. Annual Review of Anthropology, 33, 625–649.
Laszloffy, T. A. (2002). Rethinking family development theory: Teaching with the systemic family development (SFD) model. Family Relations, 51(3), 206–214.
Malloy, K., Dobbins, J., Allen, J., Williams, J., & Warfield, J. (2009). Teaching multicultural psychology. In J. Chin (Ed.), Diversity in mind and action (pp. 107–127). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger Series on Race, Ethnicity and Psychology.
McAdoo, H. P. (Ed.). (1999). Family ethnicity: Strength in diversity. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
McGoldrick, M., Giordano, J., & Garcia-Preto, N. (2005). Ethnicity and family therapy. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Mikesell, R., Lusterman, D. D., & McDaniel, S. H. (Eds.). (1995). Integrating family therapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Miller, S. (1992). Single parents by choice. New York, NY: Insight Books.
Minuchin, S., Montalvo, B., Guerney, B., Rosman, B., & Schumer, F. (1967). Families of the slums. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Miville, M. L. (2005). Psychological functioning and identity development of biracial people: A review of current theory and research. In R. T. Carter (Ed.), Handbook of racial-cultural psychology and counseling: Training and practice. v1 (pp. 298–319). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Moon, D. (1999). White enculturation and bourgeois ideology: The discursive production of “good (White) girls”. In T. K. Nakayama & J. N. Martin (Eds.), Whiteness: The communication of social identity (pp. 177–197). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Murphy, T. F. (2010). The ethics of helping transgendered men and women have children. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 53(1), 46–60.
Murray, S. A., & Stewart, J. H. (1999). Corporal punishment, by American parents: National data on prevalence, chronicity, severity and duration, in relationship to child, and family characteristics. Clinical Child and Family Review, 2, 55–70.
Nabors, N., Hall, R., Miville, M., Nettles, R., Pauling, M., & Ragsdale, B. (2001). Multiple minority group oppression: Divided we stand. Journal of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, 5, 101–105.
Olsen, R., & Clarke, H. (2003). Parenting and disability: Disabled parents’ experiences of raising children. Bristol: Policy.
Patterson, C. (2006). Children of gay and lesbian parents. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(5), 241–244.
Pittman, F. (1990). Men nurturing men: The masculine mystique. Family Therapy Networker, 14(3), 40–52.
RAYFC. (1996). The rural and Appalachian youth and families consortium: Parenting practices and interventions among marginalized families in Appalachia. Family Relations, 45, 387–396.
Richards, N. (2010). The ethics of parenthood. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Rockquemore, K. A., & Laszloffy, T. A. (2005). Raising Biracial children. Lanham, MD: Alta Mira.
Rubin, K. H., & Chung, O. B. (Eds.). (2006). Parenting beliefs, behaviors, and parent – child relations. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Rubin, K., Hemphill, S. A., Chen, X., Hastings, P., Sason, A. L., Chung, O. B., et al. (2006). Parenting beliefs and behaviors: Initial findings from the international consortium for the study of social and emotional development. In K. H. Rubin & O. B. Chung (Eds.), Parenting beliefs, behaviors, and parent – child relations (pp. 81–106). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Seiffge-Krenke, I. (2006). Leaving home or still in the Nest? Parent–child relationships and psychological health as predictors of different leaving home patterns. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 864–876.
Silverstein, L. B., & Aueubach, C. F. (1999). Deconstructing the essential father. American Psychologist, 54(6), 397–407.
Silverstein, L., & Green, R. J. (1996). Gay fathers: A dialogue about heterosexist bias in family treatment and research. The Family Psychologist, 12, 14–16.
Sing, S. K., & Brody, G. H. (2005). Long to psychological adjustment among black youth living in single-parent households. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(2), 305–313.
Smart, B. (1990). Modernity, postmodernity and the present. In B. S. Turner (Ed.), Theories of modernity and postmodernity (pp. 1–13). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Sue, S., Zane, N., Nagayama -Hall, G. C., & Berger, L. K. (2009). The case for cultural competency in psychotherapeutic interventions. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 525–548.
Szapiznic, J., & Kurtines, W. (1993). Family psychology and cultural diversity: Opportunities for theory, research and application. American Psychologist, 48, 400–407.
Turner, R. P. (1991). The use and misuse of rational models in collective behavior and social psychology. European Journal of Sociology, 32, 84–108.
Tyano, S., Keren, M., Herrman, H., & Cox, J. (Eds.). (2010). Parenthood and mental health: A bridge between infant and adult psychiatry. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
US Census Current Population Report. (2012). Retrieved March 1, 2012, from http://www.census.gov/prod/1/pop/p25-1129.pdf
Uzoka, A. F. (1979). Myth of the nuclear family historical background and clinical implications. American Psychologist, 34, 1095–1106.
Van den Berghe, P. (1967). Race and racism. New York, NY: Wiley.
Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2006). Attachment across diverse sociocultural contexts: The limits of universality. In K. H. Rubin & B. O. Chung (Eds.), Parenting beliefs, behaviors, and parent–child relations (pp. 107–142). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
Verma, S., & Sharma, C. (2006). Cultural dynamics of family relations among Indian adolescents in varied contexts. In K. H. Rubin & O. B. Chung (Eds.), Parenting beliefs, behaviors, and parent – child relations (pp. 185–207). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Walsh, F. (1998). Strengthening family resilience. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Walsh, F., & Pryce, J. (2003). The spiritual dimension of family life. In F. Walsh (Ed.), Normal family processes: Growing complexity and diversity (pp. 337–372). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Webster’s. (2001). Encyclopedic unabridged dictionary of the English language (2001). San Diego, CA: Thunder Bay Press.
Wetchler, J. L. (1996). Social constructionist family therapies. In F. P. Piercy, D. H. Sprenkler, & J. L. Wetchler (Eds.), Family therapy sourcebook. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Williams, R. L. (2007). Racism learned at an early age through racial scripting. Bloomington: AuthorHouse.
Media Ethnographic References
All in the Family. (1971–1979). Retrieved August 26, 2012, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_UBgkFHm8o
Father Knows Best. (1940–1966). Retrieved August 2, 2012, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jh2ZoMPBUwo
George Lopez Show. (2002–2007). Retrieved August 26, 2012, from http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=george+lopez+show&mid=6D5A5A00B94A79841FB86D5A5A00B94A79841FB8&view=detail&FORM=VIRE1
Good Times. (1974–1979). Retrieved August 26, 2012, from http://www.television.com/shows/good-times/episodes/
Julia. (1970–1973). Retrieved August 26, 2012, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_KVTmllq9g
Little People Big World. (2006–2011). Retrieved September 19, 2012, from http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/tv/little-people-big-world
Noah’s Ark. (2005–2008). Retrieved September 19, 2012, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah%27s_Arc:_Jumping_the_Broom
The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet. (1952–1966). Retrieved August 26, 2012, from http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=ozzie+and+harriet&mid=4820960B161CDF65B8214820960B161CDF65B821&view=detail&FORM=VIRE1
The Brady Bunch. (1969–1990). Retrieved August 26, 2012, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5StTXQofqs
The Cosby Show. (1984–1992). Retrieved August 26, 2012, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5ilS0RJY5k&feature=fvsr
The Jeffersons. (1975–1985). Retrieved August 26, 2012, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kb6ErLPt4t8
The Modern Family. (2009–2012). Retrieved August 26, 2012, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IL1bM_vh1gA&feature=showob
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dobbins, J.E., Beale, B., Thornton, A., Porter, T.G. (2014). Exploring the Intersection of Parenting, Ethnicity, Race, and Gender in the Deconstruction of the Nuclear Family Archetype. In: Miville, M., Ferguson, A. (eds) Handbook of Race-Ethnicity and Gender in Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8860-6_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8860-6_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-8859-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-8860-6
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)