Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Asthma and Nutrition

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Nutrition in Pediatric Pulmonary Disease

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

  • 1222 Accesses

Abstract

As we become more aware of the role of nutrition in chronic diseases, there are increasing questions on how nutrition affects asthma, one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. Many parents of asthmatic children who are concerned about side effects of chronic medications are motivated to modify their children’s basic food choices, and/or use nutritional supplements if it is safe and has the potential to reduce medications. Food is something parents provide daily to their children and can give without prescription. It can give them a sense of involvement and is part of fostering self-care. Modern medicine has given us effective drugs to control asthma symptoms and while these are essential to the care of patients with asthma, we also need to explore the potential power of foods and its nutritional components. It is especially important to see if there are specific common nutrient deficiencies that can affect asthma, either inherent to the disease or acquired through chronic use of drugs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Akinbami LJ, Moorman JE, Garbe PL, Sondik EJ. Status of childhood asthma in the United States, 1980–2007. Pediatrics. 2009 Mar;123 Suppl 3:S131–45. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2233C.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Akinbami LJ, Moorman JE, Bailey C et al. Trends in asthma prevalence, health care use, and mortality in the United States, 2001–2010. NCHS Data Brief. 2012;94:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Platts-Mills TA, Erwin E, Heymann P, Woodfolk J. Is the hygiene hypothesis still a viable explanation for the increased prevalence of asthma? Allergy. 2005;60 Suppl 79:25–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kim JH, Ellwood PE, Asher MI. Diet and asthma: looking back, moving forward. Respir Res. 2009;10(1):49. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-10-49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Gilliland FD, Berhane K, Islam T, McConnell R, Gauderman WJ, Gilliland SS, Avol E, Peters JM. Obesity and the risk of newly diagnosed asthma in school-age children. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158:406–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Castro-Rodriguez JA, Holberg CJ, Morgan WJ, Wright AL, Martinez FD. Increased incidence of asthma like symptoms in girls who become overweight or obese during the school years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:1344–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Gold DR, Damokosh AI, Dockery DW, Berkey CS. Body-mass index as a predictor of incident asthma in a prospective cohort of children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003;36:514–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Mannino DM, Mott J, Ferdinands JM, Camargo CA, Friedman M, Greves HM, Redd SC. Boys with high body masses have an increased risk of developing asthma: findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30:6–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Taveras EM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Camargo Jr CA, Gold DR, Litonjua AA, Oken E, Weiss ST, Gillman MW. Higher adiposity in infancy associated with recurrent wheeze in a prospective cohort of children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121:1161-e3. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.03.021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Lang JE, Feng H, Lima JJ. Body mass index-percentile and diagnostic accuracy of childhood asthma. J Asthma. 2009 Apr;46(3):291–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Noal RB, Menezes AM, Macedo SE, Dumith SC. Childhood body mass index and risk of asthma in adolescence: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2011 Feb;12(2):93–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Visness CM, London SJ, Daniels JL, Kaufman JS, Yeatts KB, Siega-Riz AM, Calatroni A, Zeldin DC. Association of childhood obesity with atopic and nonatopic asthma: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2006. J Asthma. 2010 Sep;47(7):822–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Shores SA. Obesity and asthma-possible mechanisms. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121:1087–93. quiz 94-95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Weiss ST, Shore S. Obesity and asthma: directions for research. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169:963–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Beuther DA, Weiss ST, Sutherland ER. Obesity and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174:112–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lu FL, Johnston RA, Flynt L, Theman TA, Terry RD, Schwartzman IN, Lee A, Shore SA. Increased pulmonary responses to ozone exposure in obese dh/db mice. Am J Physiol Cell Mol Physiol. 2006 May;290(5):L856–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ouchi N, Walsh K. Adiponectin as an anti-inflammatory factor. Clin Chim Acta. 2007;380:24–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. da Silva PL, de Mello MT, Cheik NC, Sanches PL, Correia FA, de Piano A, Corgosinho FC, Campos RM, do Nascimento CM, Oyama LM, Tock L, Tufik S, Dâmaso AR. Interdisciplinary therapy improves biomarkers profile and lung function in asthmatic obese adolescents. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012;47(1):8–17. doi:10.1002/ppul.21502. Epub 2011 Aug 24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Rosenkranz SK, Townsend DK, Steffens SE, Harms CA. Effect of a high-fat meal on pulmonary function in healthy subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;109:499–506.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Pereira MA, Kartashov AI, Ebbeling CB, Van Horn L, Slattery ML, Jacobs Jr DR, Ludwig DS. Fast-food habits, weight gain, and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study): 15-year prospective analysis. Lancet. 2005;365:36–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Shore SA. Obesity and asthma: possible mechanisms. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(5):1087–93. quiz 1094–5. Epub 2008 Apr 11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Marcus CL, Curtis S, Koerner CB, Joffe A, Servint JR, Loughlin GM. Evaluation of pulmonary function and polysomnography in obese children and adolescents. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1996;21:176–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Lang JE. Pediatric allergy, immunology and pulmonology. Obesity, Nutrition, and Asthma in Children. 2012;25(2):64–75.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Eneli IU, Skybo T, Camargo Jr CA. Weight loss and asthma: a systematic review. Thorax. 2008 Aug;63(8):671–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Gaby AR. Nutritional medicine, chapter 95. Concord, NH: Fritz Perlberg Publishing; 2011. p. 362–74.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Seaton A, Godden DJ, Brown K. Increase in asthma: a more toxic environment or a more susceptible population? Thorax. 1994;49:171–4. doi:10.1136/thx.49.2.171.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Thomas D. A study on the mineral depletion of the foods available to us as a nation over the period 1940 to 1991. Nutr Health. 2003;17:85–115. doi:10.1177/026010600301700201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Allan K, Devereux G. Diet and asthma: nutrition implications from prevention to treatment. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(2):258–68. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.10.048.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Achinewhu SC, Hart AD. Effect of processing and storage on the ascorbic acid (vitamin C) content of some pineapple varieties grown in the rivers state of Nigeria. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 1994;46:335–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Rahmin I, Biswa SK, Lode A. Oxidant and antioxidant balance in the airways and airway diseases. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006;533:222–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Njå F, Nystad W, Lødrup Carlsen KC, Hetlevik O, Carlsen KH. Effects of early intake of fruit or vegetables in relation to later asthma and allergic sensitization in school-age children. Acta Paediatr. 2005;94(2):147–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Gilland FD, Berhane KT, Li YF, Gauderman WJ, McConnell R, Peters J. Children’s lung function and antioxidant vitamin, fruit, juice, and vegetable intake. Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Sep 15;158(6):576–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Harik-Khan RI, Muller DC, Wise RA. Serum vitamin levels and the risk of asthma in children. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(4):351–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Gao J, Gao X, Li W, Zhu Y, Thompson PJ. Observational studies on the effect of dietary antioxidants on asthma: a meta-analysis. Respirology. 2008;13(4):528–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kaur B, Rowe BH, Arnold E. Vitamin C supplementation for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;1, CD000993.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Rubin RN, Navon L, Cassano PA. Relationship of serum antioxidants to asthma prevalence in youth. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169(3):393–8. Epub 2003 Nov 20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Romieu I, Sienra-Monge JJ, Ramírez-Aguilar M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Moreno-Macías H, Reyes-Ruiz NI, del Río-Navarro BE, Ruiz-Navarro MX, Hatch G, Slade R, Hernández-Avila M. Antioxidant supplementation and lung functions among children with asthma exposed to high levels of air pollutants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:703–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Trenga CA, Koenig JQ, Williams PV. Dietary antioxidants and ozone-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adults with asthma. Arch Environ Health. 2001;56(3):242–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Hoffmann PR. Selenium and asthma: a complex relationship. Allergy. 2008 Jul;63(7):854–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Shaheen SO, Sterne JA, Thompson RL, Songhurst CE, Margetts BM, Burney PG. Dietary antioxidants and asthma in adults: population-based case–control study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Nov 15;164(10 Pt 1):1823–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Nurmatov U, Devereux G, Sheikh A. Nutrients and foods for the primary prevention of asthma and allergy: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:724–33. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Burney P, Potts J, Makowska J, Kowalski M, Phillips J, Gnatiuc L, Shaheen S, Joos G, Van Cauwenberge P, van Zele T, Verbruggen K, van Durme Y, Derudder I, Wohrl S, Godnic-Cvar J, Salameh B, Skadhauge L, Thomsen G, Zuberbier T, Bergmann KC, Heinzerling L, Renz H, Al-Fakhri N, Kosche B, Hildenberg A, Papadopoulos NG, Xepapadaki P, Zannikos K, Gjomarkaj M, Bruno A, Pace E, Bonini S, Bresciani M, Gramiccioni C, Fokkens W, Weersink EJ, Carlsen KH, Bakkeheim E, Loureiro C, Villanueva CM, Sanjuas C, Zock JP, Lundback B, Janson C. A case–control study of the relation between plasma selenium and asthma in European populations: a GAL2EN project. Allergy. 2008 Jul;63(7):865–71. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01716.x.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Razi CH, Akelma AZ, Akin O, Kocak M, Ozdemir O, Celik A, Kislal FM. Hair zinc and selenium levels in children with recurrent wheezing. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012;47:1185–91. doi:10.1002/ppul.22628.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Allan K. Diet and asthma: nutrition implications from prevention to treatment. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011 Feb;111(2):258–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Brehm JM, Schuemann B, Fuhlbrigge AL, Hollis BW, Strunk RC, Zeiger RS, Weiss ST, Litonjua A. Serum vitamin D levels and severe asthma exacerbations in the Childhood Asthma Management Program study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:52–8.e5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Brehm JM, Celedón JC, Soto-Quiros ME, Avila L, Hunninghake GM, Forno E, Laskey D, Sylvia JS, Hollis BW, Weiss ST, Litonjua AA. Serum vitamin D levels and markers of severity of childhood asthma in Costa Rica. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;179:765–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Searing DA, Zhang Y, Murphy JR, Hauk PJ, Goleva E, Leung DY. Decreased serum vitamin D levels in children with asthma are associated with increased corticosteroid use. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125:995–1000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Gupta A, Sjoukes A, Richards D, Banya W, Hawrylowicz C, Bush A, Saglani S. Relationship between serum vitamin D, disease severity, and airway remodeling in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 December 15;184(12):1342–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Wu AC, Tantisira K, Li L, Fuhlbrigge AL, Weiss ST, Litonjua A, Childhood Asthma Management Program Research Group. Effect of vitamin D and inhaled corticosteroid treatment on lung function in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(6):508–13. Epub 2012 Jul 12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Kreindler JL. Is the best offense a good D-fense? Should we use vitamin D as adjunctive therapy for asthma? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Sep 15;186(6):470–2. doi:10.1164/rccm.201207-1295ED.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Delport R, Ubbink JB, Serfontein WJ, et al. Vitamin B6 nutritional status in asthma: the effect of theophylline therapy on plasma pyridoxal-5”-phosphate and pyridoxal levels. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1988;58:67–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Sur S, Camara M, Buchmeier A, et al. Double blind trial of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) in the treatment of steroid-dependent asthma. Ann Allergy. 1993;70:147–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. van Oeffelen AA, Bekkers MB, Smit HA, Kerkhof M, Koppelman GH, Haveman-Nies A, van der A DL, Jansen EH, Wijga AH. Serum micronutrient concentrations and childhood asthma: the PIAMA birth cohort study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011;22(8):784–93. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01190.x. Epub 2011 Sep 19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Kazaks AG, Uriu-Adams JY, Albertson TE, Shenoy SF, Stern JS. Effect of oral magnesium supplementation on measures of airway resistance and subjective assessment of asthma control and quality of life in men and women with mild to moderate asthma: a randomized placebo controlled trial. J Asthma. 2010 Feb;47(1):83–92. doi:10.3109/02770900903331127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Soutar A, Seaton A, Brown K. Bronchial reactivity and dietary antioxidants. Thorax. 1997 Feb;52(2):166–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Van Acker SA, Tromp MN, Haenen GR, van der Vijgh WJ, Bast A. Flavonoids as scavengers of nitric oxide radical. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995;214:755–9. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.2350.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Boeing H, Bechthold A, Bub A, Ellinger S, Haller D, Kroke A, Leschik-Bonnet E, Müller MJ, Oberritter H, Schulze M, Stehle P, Watzl B. Critical review: vegetables and fruit in the prevention of chronic diseases. Eur J Nutr. 2012;51:637–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Protudjer J, Sevenhuysen G, Ramsey C, Kozyrskyj A, Becker A. Low vegetable intake is associated with allergic asthma and moderate-to-severe airway hyperresponsiveness. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012;47:1159–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Oddy WH, de Klerk NH, Kendall GE, Mihrshahi S, Peat JK. Ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids and childhood asthma. J Asthma. 2004;41(3):319–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Surette ME, Stull D, Lindemann J. The impact of a medical food containing gammalinolenic and eicosapentaenoic acids on asthma management and the quality of life of adult asthma patients. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008 Feb;24(2):559–67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Stephensen CB. Fish oil and inflammatory disease: is asthma the next target for n-3 fatty acid supplements? Nutr Rev. 2004 Dec;62(12):486–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Woods RK, Thien FC, Abramson MJ. Dietary marine fatty acids (fish oil) for asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;3, CD001283.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Wood LG, Garg ML, Gibson PG. A high-fat challenge increases airway inflammation and impairs bronchodilator recovery in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:1133–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Ellwood P, Innes Asher M, García-Marcos L, Williams H, Keil U, Robertson C, Nagel G, The ISAAC Phase III Study Group. Do fast foods cause asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema? Global findings from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) phase three. Thorax. 2013;68(4):351–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Barros R, Moreira A, Fonseca J, de Oliveira JF, Delgado L, Castel-Branco MG, Haahtela T, Lopes C, Moreira P. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with improved asthma control in adults. Allergy. 2008 Jul;63(7):917–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. McCloud E, Papoutsakis C. A medical nutrition therapy primer for childhood asthma: current and emerging perspectives. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111:1052–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Arvaniti F, Priftis KN, Papadimitriou A, Papadopoulos M, Roma E, Kapsokefalou M, Anthracopoulos MB, Panagiotakos DB. Adherence to the Mediterranean type of diet is associated with lower prevalence of asthma symptoms, among 10–12 years old children: the PANACEA study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011 May;22(3):283–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Grigoropoulou D, Priftis KN, Yannakoulia M, Papadimitriou A, Anthracopoulos MB, Yfanti K, Panagiotakos DB. Urban environment adherence to the Mediterranean diet and prevalence of asthma symptoms among 10- to 12-year-old children: the physical activity, nutrition, and allergies in children examined in Athens study. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2011;32(5):351–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Chatzi L, Torrent M, Romieu I, Garcia-Esteban R, Ferrer C, Vioque J, Kogevinas M, Sunyer J. Mediterranean diet in pregnancy is protective for wheeze and atopy in childhood. Thorax. 2008;63:507–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Miyake Y, Sasaki S, Tanaka K, Hirota Y. Consumption of vegetables, fruit, and antioxidants during pregnancy and wheeze and eczema in infants. Allergy. 2010;65:758–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Litonjua AA, Weiss ST. Is vitamin D deficiency to blame for the asthma epidemic? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:1031–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Erkkola M, Kaila M, Nwaru BI, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Ahonen S, Nevalainen J, Veijola R, Pekkanen J, Ilonen J, Simell O, Knip M, Virtanen SM. Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy is inversely associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis in 5-year-old children. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39:875–82. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03234.x.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Camargo CA, Ingham T, Wickens K, Thadani R, Silver KM, Epton MJ, Town GI, Pattemore PK, Espinola JA, Crane J. Cord-blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of respiratory infection, wheezing, and asthma. Pediatrics. 2011;127:e180–7. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-0442.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Devereux G, Turner SW, Craig LC, McNeill G, Martindale S, Harbour PJ, Helms PJH, Seaton A. Low maternal vitamin E intake during pregnancy is associated with asthma in 5-year-old children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174:499–507.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Warner JA, Jones CA, Jones AC, Warner JO. Prenatal origins of allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;105:S493–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA

    Youngran Chung M.D. (Assistant Professor)

Authors
  1. Youngran Chung M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Youngran Chung M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Raby Institute for Integrative Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Robert Dumont

  2. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Youngran Chung

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chung, Y. (2014). Asthma and Nutrition. In: Dumont, R., Chung, Y. (eds) Nutrition in Pediatric Pulmonary Disease. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8474-5_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8474-5_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-8473-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-8474-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation