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Preclinical Imaging in Oncology: Considerations and Recommendations for the Imaging Scientist

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Book cover Pharmaco-Imaging in Drug and Biologics Development

Part of the book series: AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series ((AAPS,volume 8))

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Abstract

Oncology remains a major focus of the pharmaceutical industry, and they are investing heavily in the forward effort to move drugs and biologics through development to regulatory approval. The discovery and early preclinical development throughput for safety, tumor cell binding, and in vivo biodistribution are hindered by the complications and the uniqueness of frequently contrived xenobiotic animal models, generally in murine strains. Animal numbers for adequate sensitivity, tumor heterogeneity of response, and metabolism make for high tumor-to-tumor variance in growth and response. The throughput of studies (tumor growth periods), powering studies sufficiently for decisional steps in product advancement, and the general “how do we do the human translation” all contribute to the major costs in this arm of the pharmaceutical business. Imaging offers many advantages to help solve, or at least allay, these issues. Imaging can pinpoint the tumor uptake heterogeneity, it can reduce the numbers of animals as quantitative assessments can be done on fewer animals, it allows for each animal to serve as its own control, and it allows multiple time point sampling in the same animal(s) during the tumor gestation, eruption, and time window for optimal therapeutic intervention. This chapter will hopefully guide the reader through multiple examples of how to investigate tumor biology using imaging in the nonclinical environment and hopefully will provide useful approaches and ideas for inclusion in their oncology programs.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For example, FDG-PET and CT, MRI (DWI and MRS).

  2. 2.

    fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) relies on the hemodynamic response and exploits the magnetic susceptibility differences between hemoglobin in its two different oxygenation states (deoxy- and oxyhemoglobin), and during neuronal activation there is a vascular response associated that can “flood” the neural region with oxygenated blood and increase the signal measured on T2* weighted imaging—this activation can come about from visual, motor, physiological stimuli. phMRI (or pharmacological MRI) uses the same imaging technique, but instead of an environmental stimuli, the subject receives a pharmacological stimulus that is thought to activates/inhibits brain centers.

  3. 3.

    It is not just 1H-containing molecules that can be studied with MRI but also the elements of P, C, N, Na, F, etc.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Millennium: The Takeda Oncology Company, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Daniel P. Bradley Ph.D. & Tim Wyant Ph.D.

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  1. Daniel P. Bradley Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Daniel P. Bradley Ph.D. .

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  1. BRMoyer & Associates, LLC, Bedford, New Hampshire, USA

    Brian R. Moyer

  2. Covidien, Hazelwood, Missouri, USA

    Narayan P.S. Cheruvu

  3. Health and Human Services Office of the Asst Secretary of Preparedness and Response (ASPR), Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Washington, District of Columbia, USA

    Tom C.-C. Hu

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Bradley, D.P., Wyant, T. (2014). Preclinical Imaging in Oncology: Considerations and Recommendations for the Imaging Scientist. In: Moyer, B., Cheruvu, N., Hu, TC. (eds) Pharmaco-Imaging in Drug and Biologics Development. AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series, vol 8. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8247-5_7

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