Abstract
In the fourth chapter, we first analyze the distribution chains composed by legal and illegal suppliers of doping products in Italy, noting that the length of the chain and the legal status of the transactions vary depending on the products exchanged. Given the embeddedness of many supply-side activities in legitimate professions and exchanges, we then argue that the relationships the suppliers develop with each and their customers can often be subsumed under the broad category of white-collar crime. Tout court illegal enterprises also emerge, though, particularly among the suppliers dealing with substances that are illegally manufactured for doping purposes. Although the chapters only analyze empirical data on Italy, the findings here presented can be considered illustrative of the market for doping products in other countries, which have yet not been studied empirically. Future projects are called to ascertain empirically similarities and differences between the Italian market and what remains unexplored elsewhere.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
In some cases, though, NAS officers have difficulties to ascertain whether the doping substances they intercept have been produced by illegal labs or legitimate companies (see Chap. 7).
- 3.
The NAS Headquarters and the Higher Institute of Public Health have recently launched a joint initiative to systematically analyze dietary supplements bought randomly in different shops throughout Italy with a view to prohibit those containing restricted substances (Int-NAS-25 and 26). The results of such an analysis are not known yet.
- 4.
If considering the larger category of “opioids,” there are more but not nearly as many opportunities for substitution than if considering only opium-derived heroin.
- 5.
Note that this may not be a departure from the distributional norm for other diverted pharmaceutical products, such as painkillers.
- 6.
A “corporation” can take many different forms, generally implying the creation of an entity with its own rights and liabilities, distinct from those of its owners. For our purposes we use the term in reference to corporations that are “for-profit” business enterprises. Private teams typically constitute for-profit business enterprises but may or may not incorporate their operations.
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Paoli, L., Donati, A. (2014). Distribution Chains and Market Relationships. In: The Sports Doping Market. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8241-3_4
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