Abstract
Membrane transporters act as physiological “gatekeepers” that regulate the distribution of endogenous and exogenous compounds. It is therefore imperative that drug discovery/development research considers the function and expression of drug transporters, which can dictate drug concentration to pharmacological targets or may be the drug target themselves. Variation in transporter expression across species and in vitro models is recognized as a major complicating factor encountered during in vitro–in vivo extrapolations that can limit a model’s predictive power. This is particularly problematic in scenarios such as biliary secretion that are dependent upon in vitro and preclinical data due to lack of clinical bile samples. Consequently, quantification of drug transport proteins becomes a fundamental element in establishing important correlations for pharmacokinetic predictions that are of significant interest during drug discovery. In this chapter we provide an overview of methodologies relevant to protein quantification and their important limitations, followed by a review of recent studies in which mass spectrometry-based targeted quantifications of drug transporters are applied in predictions of transporter-mediated drug clearance.
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Abbreviations
- ABC:
-
ATP-binding cassette
- ADME:
-
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination
- AQUA:
-
Absolute quantification
- BCRP:
-
Breast cancer resistance protein (human)
- Bcrp:
-
Breast cancer resistance protein (other species than human)
- BLAST:
-
Basic local alignment search tool
- BSEP:
-
Bile salt export pump (human)
- Bsep:
-
Bile salt export pump (other species than human)
- CHAPS:
-
3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate
- CYP:
-
Cytochrome P450
- ELISA:
-
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
- ESI-Q-TOF:
-
Electrospray ionization quadrupole time of flight
- IS:
-
Internal standard
- IVIVE:
-
In vitro–in vivo extrapolation
- LC:
-
Liquid chromatography
- LC-MS/MS:
-
Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
- MDCK:
-
Madin–Darby canine kidney
- MDR1:
-
Multidrug resistance protein (P-gp)
- MRM:
-
Multiple reaction monitoring
- MRP2:
-
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (human)
- Mrp2:
-
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (other species than human)
- MS:
-
Mass spectrometry
- MSD:
-
Membrane-spanning domain
- NBD:
-
Nucleotide-binding domain
- OATP:
-
Organic anion-transporting polypeptide
- P-gp:
-
Multidrug resistance protein (MDR1)
- PK:
-
Pharmacokinetics
- PSAQ:
-
Protein standard absolute quantification
- PTM:
-
Posttranslational modifications
- RAF:
-
Relative activity factor
- RT-PCR:
-
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- SCH:
-
Sandwich-cultured hepatocyte
- SDS:
-
Sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SIL:
-
Stable isotope-labeled
- SILAC:
-
Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture
- SLC:
-
Solute carrier
- SNP:
-
Single nucleotide polymorphisms
- TOF:
-
Time of flight
- WT:
-
Wild type
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Balogh, L.M., Lai, Y. (2013). Applications of Targeted Proteomics in ADME for IVIVE. In: Sugiyama, Y., Steffansen, B. (eds) Transporters in Drug Development. AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series, vol 7. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8229-1_5
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