Abstract
This chapter presents the noncontact and noninvasive approach for monitoring human vital signs using Doppler radar sensor. The theory of noncontact vital sign detection is based on Doppler phase modulation. The system-level hardware architectures of the Doppler radar sensor have been illustrated. Research groups all over the world have been working for decades to improve the performance of Doppler radar noncontact vital sign detection. While some groups improved the performance from the hardware side, e.g., using quadrature receiver to avoid the null point problem, some groups took effort from the software side. For example, new demodulation techniques such as complex demodulation have been invented. System-on-chip (SoC) integration is also a major interest of the researchers working on Doppler radar sensors. With all the circuits integrated into one chip, the radar can be much smaller so as to be more portable or more easily integrated with other communication devices, e.g., cell phones. Several examples of radar sensor SoC have been introduced in this chapter. The Doppler radar sensor sees a bright future in medical applications. It is expected to bring enhanced healthcare in the near future. This chapter introduces the potential applications such as infants monitoring, sleep apnea detection, pulse wave velocity measurement, respiration measurement in motion-adaptive cancer radiotherapy, and so forth.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
J.C. Lin, Microwave sensing of physiological movement and volume change: a review. Bioelectromagnetics 13, 557–565 (1992)
A.D. Droitcour, O. Boric-Lubecke, V.M. Lubecke, J. Lin, G.T.A. Kovac, Range correlation and I/Q performance benefits in single-chip silicon Doppler radars for noncontact cardiopulmonary monitoring. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 52, 838–848 (2004)
Y. Xiao, J. Lin, O. Boric-Lubecke, V.M. Lubecke, Frequency tuning technique for remote detection of heartbeat and respiration using low power double-sideband transmission in Ka-band. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 54, 2023–2032 (2006)
C. Li, Y. Xiao, J. Lin, Experiment and spectral analysis of a low-power Ka-band heartbeat detector measuring from four sides of a human body. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 54(12), 4464–4471 (2006) (IMS 2006 special issue)
W.F. Feltz, H.B. Howell, R.O. Knuteson, H.M. Woolf, H.E. Revercomb, Near continuous profiling of temperature, moisture, and atmospheric stability using the atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer (AERI). J. Appl. Meteorol. 42, 584–597 (2003)
H.H. Meinel, Commercial applications of millimeter waves history, present status, and future trends. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 43, 1639–1653 (1995)
A. Stezer, C.G. Diskus, K. Lubke, H.W. Thim, Microwave position sensor with sub millimeter accuracy. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 47(12), 2621–2624 (1999)
K.M. Chen, Y. Huang, J. Zhang, A. Norman, Microwave life-detection systems for searching human subjects under earthquake rubble and behind barrier. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 47, 105–114 (2000)
J.C. Lin, Noninvasive microwave measurement of respiration. Proc. IEEE 63, 1530 (1975)
A.D. Droitcour, O. Boric-Lubecke, V. Lubecke, J. Lin, G.T.A. Kovacs, 0.25 μm CMOS and BiCMOS single-chip direct-conversion Doppler radars for remote sensing of vital signs, in IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), vol. 1, Digest of Technical Papers, February 2002, pp. 348–349
A.D. Droitcour, O. Boric-Lubecke, V. Lubecke, J. Lin, G.T.A. Kovacs, Range correlation effect on ISM band I/Q CMOS radar for non-contact sensing of vital signs. IEEE MTT-IMS Digest 3, 1945–1948 (2003)
B. Park, O. Boric-Lubecke, V.M. Lubecke, Arctangent demodulation with DC offset compensation in quadrature Doppler radar receiver systems. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 55, 1073–1079 (2007)
Q. Zhou, J. Liu, A. Host-Madsen, O. Boric-Lubecke, V. Lubecke, Detection of multiple heartbeats using Doppler radar. Proc. IEEE ICASSP 2, 1160–1163 (2006)
O. Boric-Lubecke, V. Lubecke, A. Host-Madsen, D. Samardzija, K. Cheung, Doppler radar sensing of multiple subjects in single and multiple antenna systems, in Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Telecommunication in Modern Satellite, Cable and Broadcasting Services, vol. 1, September 2005, pp. 7–11
A. Singh, V. Lubecke, Respiratory monitoring using a Doppler radar with passive harmonic tags to reduce interference from environmental clutter, in 31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, September 2009, pp. 3837–3840
J.E. Kiriazi, O. Boric-Lubecke, V.M. Lubecke, Radar cross section of human cardiopulmonary activity for recumbent subject, in 31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, September 2009, pp. 4808–4811
A.D. Droitcour, T.B.S. Byung-Kwon Park, S. Yamada, A. Vergara, C.E. Hourani, T. Shing, A. Yuen, V.M. Lubecke, O. Boric-Lubecke, Non-Contact respiratory rate measurement validation for hospitalized patients, in 31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, September 2009, pp. 4812–4815
N. Hafner, V. Lubecke, Performance assessment techniques for Doppler radar physiological sensors, in 31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, September 2009, pp. 4848–4851
W. Massagram, V.M. Lubecke, O. Boric-Lubecke, Microwave non-invasive sensing of respiratory tidal volume, in 31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, September 2009, pp. 4832–4835
C. Li, J. Lin, Optimal carrier frequency of non-contact vital sign detectors, in IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium, January 2007, pp. 281–284
C. Li, J. Lin, Random body movement cancellation in Doppler radar vital sign detection. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 56, 3143–3152 (2008)
C. Li, J. Lin, Complex signal demodulation and random body movement cancellation techniques for non-contact vital sign detection, in IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, Atlanta, June 2008, pp. 567–570
V.M. Lubecke, O. Boric-Lubecke, G. Awater, P.-W. Ong, P.L. Gammel, R.-H. Yan, J.C. Lin, Remote sensing of vital signs with telecommunications signals, in World Cong. Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Chicago, 2000
C. Li, X. Yu, D. Li, L. Ran, J. Lin, Software configurable 5.8 GHz radar sensor receiver chip in 0.13 μm CMOS for non-contact vital sign detection, in IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, 2009 (RFIC 2009), June 2009, pp. 97–100
C. Li, Y. Xiao, J. Lin, A 5 GHz double-sideband radar sensor chip in 0.18 μm CMOS for non-contact vital sign detection. IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett. 18, 494–496 (2008)
R. Fletcher, H. Jing, Low-cost differential front-end for Doppler radar vital sign monitoring, in Microwave Symposium Digest, 2009 (MTT’09). IEEE MTT-S International, June 2009, pp. 1325–1328
I. Immoreev, T. The-Ho, UWB radar for patient monitoring. IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag. 23, 11–18 (2008)
E.M. Staderini, UWB radars in medicine. IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag. 17, 13–18 (2002)
D. Obeid, S. Sadek, G. Zaharia, G.E. Zein, Noncontact heartbeat detection at 2.4, 5.8, and 60 GHz: a comparative study. Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 51, 666–669 (2009)
A.N. Vgontzas, A. Kales, Sleep and its disorders. Annu. Rev. Med. 50, 387–400 (1999)
D.L. Hoyert, M.A. Freedman, D.M. Strobino, B. Guyer, Annual summary of vital statistics: 2000. Pediatrics 108(6), 1241–1255 (2001)
J. Walleczek, Fractal mechanisms in neuronal control: human heartbeat and gait dynamics in health and disease, in Self-organized Biological Dynamics & Nonlinear Control (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000), pp. 66–67
Y. Yan, C. Li, X. Yu, M.D. Weiss, J. Lin, Verification of a non-contact vital sign monitoring system using an infant simulator, in 31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, September 2009, pp. 4836–4839.
H.C. Bazzett, N.B. Dfeyer, Measurement of pulse wave velocity. Am. J. Physiol. 63, 94–116 (1922)
J.D. Pruett, J.D. Bourland, L.A. Geddes, Measurement of pulse-wave velocity using a beat-sampling technique. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 16, 341–347 (1988)
F.U. Mattace-Raso, T.J. van der Cammen, A. Hofman et al., Arterial stiffness and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: the Rotterdam study. Circulation 113, 657–663 (2006)
J. Blacher, A.P. Guerin, B. Pannier, S.J. Marchais, M.E. Safer, G.M. London, Impact of aortic stiffness on survival in end-stage renal disease. Circulation 99, 2434–2439 (1999)
J. Blacher, R. Asmar, S. Djane, G.M. London, M.E. Safar, Aortic pulse wave velocity as a marker of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 33, 1111–1117 (1999)
S.S. Najjar, A. Scuteri, V. Shetty, J.G. Wright, D.C. Muller, J.L. Fleg, H.P. Spurgeon, L. Ferrucci, E.G. Lakatta, Pulse wave velocity is an independent predictor of the longitudinal increase in systolic blood pressure and of incident hypertension in the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 51(14), 1377–1383 (2008)
L. Lu, C. Li, D.Y.C. Lie, Microwave noncontact measurement of pulse wave velocity for healthcare applications, in IEEE 11th Annual Wireless and Microwave Technology Conference (WAMICON), Melbourne, April 2010
L. Lu, C. Li, D.Y.C. Lie, Experimental demonstration of noncontact pulse wave velocity monitoring using multiple Doppler radar sensors, in 33rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Buenos Aires, August 2010
S.B. Jiang, Radiotherapy of mobile tumors. Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 16(4), 239–324 (2006)
S.B. Jiang, Technical aspects of image-guided respiration gated radiation therapy. Med. Dosim. 31(2), 141–151 (2006)
C. Gu, R. Li, R. Fung, C. Torres, S. Jiang, C. Li, Accurate respiration measurement using DC-coupled continuous-wave radar sensor for motion-adaptive cancer radiotherapy, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 59(11), 3117–3123 (2012)
C. Gu, R. Li, C. Li, S.B. Jiang, Doppler radar respiration measurement for gated lung cancer radiotherapy, in IEEE Radio and Wireless Week, Phoenix, 2011
C. Gu, R. Li, C. Li, S.B. Jiang, A multi-radar wireless system for respiratory gating and accurate tumor tracking in lung cancer radiotherapy, in 33rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC’11), Boston, August 2011
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lu, L., Gu, C., Li, C., Lin, J. (2014). Doppler Radar Noncontact Vital Sign Monitoring. In: Yang, Z. (eds) Neural Computation, Neural Devices, and Neural Prosthesis. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8151-5_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8151-5_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-8150-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-8151-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)