Abstract
The research on hillfort ramparts and ditches has often been restricted to narrow trenches, but in a few cases, notably the Breiddin, Crickley Hill and Danebury, more extensive excavations can be compared with those at Castell Henllys. The interpretation of hillforts and their earthworks has been heavily influenced by culture-historical, functionalist or processualist, and post-processualist approaches. These various theoretical stances have given different priority to events and processes, military, social, and symbolic roles of hillfort earthworks, and the place of hillforts in the wider landscape. The regional context of research also situates the Castell Henllys project in its historiographical setting.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Avery, M. (1993a). Hillfort defences of southern Britain. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports British Series 231, Vol. 1.
Baring-Gould, S., Burnard, R., & Anderson, I. K. (1900). Exploration of Moel Trigarn. Archaeologia Cambrensis, 17, 189–211.
Barrett, J. C. (1989). Time and tradition: The rituals of everyday life. In H.-A. Nordstrom & A. Knape (Eds.), Bronze age studies (pp. 113–126). Stockholm: Statens Historika Museum.
Barrett, J. C., Freeman, P. W. M., & Woodward, A. (2000). Cadbury Castle Somerset. The later prehistoric and early historic archaeology. London: English Heritage Archaeological Report 20.
Bell, M., Fowler, P. J., & Hillson, S. W. (1996). The experimental earthwork project, 1960–1992 (Report 100). York: Council for British Archaeology Research.
Benson, D. G., & Williams, G. (1987). Dale promontory fort. Archaeology in Wales, 27, 43.
Bowden, M., & McOmish, D. (1987). The required barrier. Scottish Archaeological Review, 4, 97–84.
Bowden, M., & McOmish, D. (1989). Little boxes: More about hillforts. Scottish Archaeological Review, 6, 12–16.
Budd, P., Millard, A., Chenery, C., Lucy, S., & Roberts, C. (2004). Investigating population movement by stable isotope analysis: A report from Britain. Antiquity, 78, 127–141.
Collis, J. (1981). A theoretical study of hillforts. In G. C. Guilbert (Ed.), Hill-fort studies (pp. 66–77). Leicester: Leicester University Press.
Collis, J. (2003). The Celts: Origins, myths & inventions. Stroud: Tempus.
Crossley, D. W. (1963). List of hill-forts and other earthworks in Pembrokeshire. Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, 20, 171–205.
Crossley, D. W. (1979). Excavations at Knock Rath, Clarbeston, Pembrokeshire 1963–7. Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, 28, 521–527.
Cunliffe, B. (1974). Iron Age communities in Britain (1st ed.). London: Routledge.
Cunliffe, B. (1984). Danebury: An Iron Age hillfort in Hampshire: Vol. 1. The excavations 1969–1978: The site (Report 102). London: Council for British Archaeology Research.
Cunliffe, B. (1991a). Iron Age communities in Britain (1st ed.). London: Routledge.
Cunliffe, B. (1991b). Iron Age communities in Britain (3rd ed.). London: Routledge.
Cunliffe, B. (1995). Danebury: An Iron Age hillfort in Hampshire: Vol. 6. A hillfort community in perspective (Report 102). London: Council for British Archaeology Research.
Cunliffe, B. (2001). Facing the ocean: The Atlantic and its peoples, 8000 BC-AD 1500. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cunliffe, B. (2005). Iron Age communities in Britain (4th ed.). London: Routledge.
Cunliffe, B. (2013). Britain begins. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dixon, P. (1988). The Neolithic settlement on Crickley hill. In C. Burgess, P. Topping, C. Mordant, & M. Maddison (Eds.), Enclosures and defences in the Neolithic of western Europe (pp. 75–87). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 403(i).
Dixon, P. (1994). Crickley hill: Vol. 1. The hillfort defences. Nottingham: Crickley Hill Trust and Department of Archaeology, University of Nottingham.
Forde-Johnston, J. (1976). Hillforts of the Iron Age in England and Wales: A survey of the surface evidence. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
Fox, A. F. (1952). Hill-slope forts and related earthworks in south-west England and south Wales. The Archaeological Journal, 109, 1–22.
Fox, A. F. (1958). South-western hill-forts. In S. S. Frere (Ed.), Problems of the Iron Age in Southern Britain (pp. 35–60). London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report.
Hamilton, S., & Manley, J. (1997). Points of view: Prominent enclosures in 1st millennium BC Sussex. Sussex Archaeological Collections, 135, 93–112.
Hamilton, S., & Manley, J. (2001). Hillforts, monumentality and place: A chronological and topographic review of first millennium BC hillforts in south-east England. European Journal of Archaeology, 4(1), 7–42.
Hawkes, C. F. C. (1931). Hill forts. Antiquity, 5, 60–97.
Hawkes, C. F. C. (1956). Archeological theory and method: Some suggestions from the Old World. Current Anthropology, 56(2), 155–168.
Hawkes, C. F. C. (1959). The ABC of the British Iron Age. Antiquity, 33, 170–182.
Hill, J. D. (1995a). Ritual and rubbish in the Iron Age of Wessex. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports British Series 242.
Hill, J. D. (1995b). How should we understand Iron Age societies and hillforts? A contextual study from southern England. In J. D. Hill & C. G. Cumberpatch (Eds.), Different Iron Ages (pp. 45–66). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 602.
Hingley, R. (1990). Iron Age ‘currency bars’; the archaeological and social context. The Archaeological Journal, 147, 91–117.
Hogg, A. H. A. (1973). Garn Fawr and Carn Ingli: Two major Pembrokeshire hill-forts. Archaeologia Cambrensis, 122, 75–83.
Hogg, A. H. A. (1975). Hill-forts of Britain. London: Hart-Davis, MacGibbon.
Hogg, A. H. A. (1979). British hill-forts: An Index. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports 62.
Hogg, A. H. A., Browne, D. M., Crewe, P., Mytum, H., & Owen-John, H. S. (1986). Hill-fort abstracts for welsh archaeological periodicals. Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, 33, 291–386.
James, S. (1999). The Atlantic Celts: Ancient people or modern invention? London: British Museum Press.
Karlsson, H. (Ed.). (2001). It’s about time. The concept of time in archaeology. Goteborg: Bricoleur Press.
Lock, G. (2011). Hillforts, emotional metaphors, and the good life: A response to Armit. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 77, 355–362.
Lucas, G. (2005). The archaeology of time. London: Routledge.
Lynch, F., Aldhouse-Green, S., & Davies, J. L. (2000). Prehistoric Wales. Stroud: Sutton Publishing.
Megaw, R., & Megaw, V. (1986). Early Celtic art in Britain and Ireland. Princes Risborough: Shire.
Megaw, R., & Megaw, V. (1989). Celtic Art from its beginnings to the Book of Kells. London: Thames & Hudson.
Mercer, R. J. (1999). The origins of warfare in the British Isles. In J. Carman & A. Harding (Eds.), Ancient warfare: Archaeological perspectives (pp. 143–156). Stroud: Sutton Publishing.
Musson, C. R. (1991). The Breiddin hillfort. A later prehistoric settlement in the Welsh Marches (Report 76). London: Council for British Archaeology Research.
Mytum, H. (1988b). On-site and off-site evidence for changes in subsistence economy: Iron Age and Romano-British west Wales. In J. L. Binford, D. A. Davidson, & E. G. Grant (Eds.), Conceptual issues in environmental archaeology (pp. 72–81). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Mytum, H. (1996b). Children of the hillfort [Also translated into Welsh: Plant y Fryngaer. Cyfeirlyr Plant o Gwmpas Castell Henllys]. Pembrokeshire Coast National Park: Pembrokeshire, p. 16.
Mytum, H. (1999a). Pembrokeshire’s pasts. Natives, invaders and Welsh archaeology: The Castell Henllys experience. In P. G. Stone & P. Planel (Eds.), The constructed past. Experimental archaeology, education and the public (pp. 181–193). London: Routledge.
Mytum, H. (1999b). History, politics and culture: Archaeology and interpretation in British national parks. The George Wright Forum, 16(4), 77–90.
Mytum, H. (2004). Policy and purpose in reconstruction at Castell Henllys Iron Age fort, Wales. In J. Jameson Jr. (Ed.), The reconstructed past (pp. 91–102). Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press.
Mytum, H., & Webster, C. (1989). A survey of the Iron Age enclosure and chevaux-de-frise at Carn Alw, Dyfed. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 55, 263–267.
Pauketat, T. R. (2000). The tragedy of the commoners. In M.-A. Dobres & J. Robb (Eds.), Agency in archaeology (pp. 113–129). London: Routledge.
Piccini, A. (1999). Wargames and wendy houses: Open air reconstructions of prehistoric life. In N. Merriman (Ed.), Making early history in museums (pp. 151–172). London: Leicester University Press.
Piggott, S. (1959). Approach to archaeology. London: Black.
Price, T. D., Burton, J. H., & Bentley, R. A. (2002). The characterization of biologically available strontium isotope ratios for the study of prehistoric migration. Archaeometry, 44(1), 117–135.
Reynolds, P. (1989). Experimental earthworks. British Archaeology, 14, 16–19.
Roper, D. C. (1979). The method and theory of site catchment analysis. A review. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, 2, 119–140.
Savory, H. N. (1954). List of hillforts and other earthworks in Wales. V. Carmarthenshire. Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, 16, 54–69.
Savory, H. N. (1976). Welsh hillforts, a reappraisal of recent research. In D. W. Harding (Ed.), Hillforts: Later prehistoric earthworks in Britain and Ireland (pp. 237–291). London: Academic Press.
Sharples, N. (2010). Social relations in later prehistory: Wessex in the first millennium BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stanford, S. C. (1972a). Welsh border hillforts. In C. Thomas (Ed.), The Iron Age in the Irish Sea Province (Report 9, pp. 25–36). London: Council for British Archaeology Research.
Stopford, J. (1987). Danebury: An alternative view. Scottish Archaeological Review, 4, 70–75.
Vyner, B. (1986). Woodbarn, Wiston: A Pembrokeshire Rath. Archaeologia Cambrensis, 135, 121–133.
Wainwright, G. J. (1967). Coygan Camp. Cardiff: Cambrian Archaeological Association.
Wainwright, G. J. (1971a). Excavations at a fortified settlement at Walesland Rath, Pembrokeshire. Britannia, 2, 48–108.
Wainwright, G. J. (1971b). Excavations at Tower Point, St Brides, Pembrokeshire. Archaeologia Cambrensis, 120, 84–90.
Wainwright, G. J., & Longworth, I. H. (1971). Durrington Walls excavations, 1966–1968 (Report 29). London: Society of Antiquaries of London.
Wheeler, R. E. M. (1925). Prehistoric and Roman Wales. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Wheeler, R. E. M. (1943). Maiden Castle, Dorset. Oxford: Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London 12.
Williams, A. (1945). A promontory fort at Henllan, Cardiganshire. Archaeologia Cambrensis, 98, 226–240.
Williams, G. (1981). Survey and excavation on Pembrey mountain. Carmarthenshire Antiquary, 17, 3–33.
Williams, G. (1988). Recent work on rural settlement in later prehistoric and early historic Dyfed. The Antiquaries Journal, 68, 30–54.
Williams, G. H., Darke, I., Parry, C., & Issac, J. (1988). Recent archaeological work on Merlin’s Hill, Abergwili. Carmarthenshire Antiquary, 24, 5–13.
Williams, G., & Mytum, H. (1998). Llawhaden, Dyfed excavations on a group of small defended enclosures, 1980–4. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports British Series 275.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mytum, H. (2013). Previous Research on Hillfort Ramparts and Ditches. In: Monumentality in Later Prehistory. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8027-3_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8027-3_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-8026-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-8027-3
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)