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Fetal–Neonatal Growth and Metabolism

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The Rise of Fetal and Neonatal Physiology

Part of the book series: Perspectives in Physiology ((PHYSIOL,volume 1))

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Abstract

In his essay “On being the right size,” the British geneticist, biometrician, and popularizer of science John Burdon Sanderson (JBS) Haldane (1892–1964) theorized on and presented some mathematical analysis for the optimal size of various organisms. In addition to consideration of body mass, he included surface area, weight-bearing bone structure, respiratory and circulating mechanisms, and other features of comparative anatomy and physiology (Haldane 1927). His analysis extended from insects to birds, to a number of mammals which varied in size from mice to the rhinoceros. Haldane concluded “… that for every type of animal there is an optimal size” (Haldane 1927). A number of studies have disclosed that even for the fetus development follows clearly defined mathematical principles (Roberts 1906; see below). Quite obviously, essential to a successful pregnancy is the optimal growth and development of the embryo-fetus. Prior to full maturity, timely growth, both physical and mental, is one of the best indicators of a fully functional physiological system and health. As is appreciated, growth of the fetus and its various organs is a complex process that is a function of genetic endowment, state of maternal health, the availability of nutrients and oxygen, as well as a multitude of growth factors and hormones of maternal, placental, and fetal origin, as well as a host of environmental factors of epigenetic influence. These factors are associated with physiologic, biochemical, and molecular changes, most of which are only poorly understood (Cheek 1975; Timiras 1972; Winick 1972). From mid-century onward, considerable emphasis has been placed on the mechanisms of cell division and multiplication (hyperplasia) and cell enlargement with cytoplasmic growth (hypertrophy) that result in the deposition of new tissue and change in anatomical form (Cheek 1975; Cockburn 1988; Fowden 1989; Winick 1972; Winick and Noble 1965).

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  1. Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA

    Lawrence D. Longo

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Longo, L.D. (2013). Fetal–Neonatal Growth and Metabolism. In: The Rise of Fetal and Neonatal Physiology. Perspectives in Physiology, vol 1. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7921-5_10

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