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Advances in HIV-1 Assembly and Release pp 167–184Cite as

Cell-to-Cell Transmission of HIV

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Abstract

HIV assembly has been intensively studied as the assembly and release of cell-free virus. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that HIV can also bypass cell-free spread by direct transmission from cell to cell across zones of tight contact designated virological synapses. Here, we introduce the concept of the virological synapse, compare it with that of immunological synapses, and discuss current virological synapse models to explain HIV spread in different lymphocytes. We will discuss how cell–cell contact modifies the classical life cycle of cell-free HIV in the donor as well as in the target cell. Finally, because HIV cell-to-cell transmission can be more resistant than cell-free virus to restriction factors, neutralizing antibodies, and anti-retroviral therapies, it may also affect the pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS.

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Abbreviations

APC:

Antigen-presenting cell

DC:

Dendritic cell

Env:

Viral envelope glycoprotein

Gag:

General antigen polyprotein precursor

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus 1

HTLV-1:

Human lymphotropic virus 1

ICAM-1:

Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1

IS:

Immunological synapse

LFA-1:

Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

MLV:

Murine leukemia virus

MOI:

Multiplicity of infection

Nef:

Negative factor

Pol:

Polymerase

SMAC:

Supramolecular activation cluster

TCR:

T cell receptor

TRIM5-α:

Tripartite motif 5-alpha

Vpu:

Viral protein u

VS:

Virological synapse

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Yale University School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, BCMM 335, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA

    Luis M. Agosto M.D., Peng Zhong Ph.D. & Walther Mothes Ph.D.

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  1. Luis M. Agosto M.D.
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  2. Peng Zhong Ph.D.
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  3. Walther Mothes Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Walther Mothes Ph.D. .

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  1. HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Bg. 535/Rm. 108, Frederick, 21702-1201, Maryland, USA

    Eric O. Freed

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Agosto, L.M., Zhong, P., Mothes, W. (2013). Cell-to-Cell Transmission of HIV. In: Freed, E. (eds) Advances in HIV-1 Assembly and Release. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7729-7_7

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