Abstract
The overall incidence of bulbomembranous urethral stricture or bladder neck contracture after radiation therapy is roughly 3–16 %. Time to stricture presentation is usually delayed (24 months) and insidious. Radiation urethral strictures typically have an unhealthy or pale appearance on cystoscopy, with varying degrees of local tissue induration or dense fibrotic scarring. Radiation-induced urethral strictures are often refractory to urethrotomy or dilation and merely palliative and require successive treatments. Management methods include intermittent self-catheterization, off-label use of an endourethral prosthesis, excision and primary urethral anastomosis urethroplasty, onlay flap and graft urethroplasty, salvage prostatectomy with anastomotic urethrovesical urethroplasty, combined abdominoperineal urethroplasty, onlay flap urethroplasty, and supravesical urinary diversion surgery. Urethroplasty seems to be feasible and reasonably successful for RT strictures in the short term, with the best results with anastomotic urethroplasty.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Barbagli G, Guazzoni G, Lazzeri M. One-stage bulbar urethroplasty: retrospective analysis of the results in 375 patients. Eur Urol. 2008;53(4):828–33.
Cooperberg MR, McAninch JW, Alsikafi NF, Elliott SP. Urethral reconstruction for traumatic posterior urethral disruption: outcomes of a 25-year experience. J Urol. 2007;178(5):2006–10; discussion 2010.
Eltahawy EA, Virasoro R, Schlossberg SM, McCammon KA, Jordan GH. Long-term followup for excision and primary anastomosis for anterior urethral strictures. J Urol. 2007;177(5):1803–6.
Whitson JM, McAninch JW, Elliott SP, Alsikafi NF. Long-term efficacy of distal penile circular fasciocutaneous flaps for single stage reconstruction of complex anterior urethral stricture disease. J Urol. 2008;179(6):2259–64.
Andrich DE, Dunglison N, Greenwell TJ, Mundy AR. The long-term results of urethroplasty. J Urol. 2003;170(1):90–2.
Barbagli G, Palminteri E, Lazzeri M, Guazzoni G, Turini D. Long-term outcome of urethroplasty after failed urethrotomy versus primary repair. J Urol. 2001;165(6 Pt 1):1918–9.
Breyer BN, McAninch JW, Whitson JM, et al. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for long-term urethroplasty outcome. J Urol. 2010;183(2):613–7.
Culty T, Boccon-Gibod L. Anastomotic urethroplasty for posttraumatic urethral stricture: previous urethral manipulation has a negative impact on the final outcome. J Urol. 2007;177(4):1374–7.
Roehrborn CG, McConnell JD. Analysis of factors contributing to success or failure of 1-stage urethroplasty for urethral stricture disease. J Urol. 1994;151(4):869–74.
Koraitim MM. On the art of anastomotic posterior urethroplasty: a 27-year experience. J Urol. 2005;173(1):135–9.
Erickson BA, Breyer BN, McAninch JW. The use of uroflowmetry to diagnose recurrent stricture after urethral reconstructive surgery. J Urol. 2010;184(4):1386–90.
Erickson BA, Breyer BN, McAninch JW. Changes in uroflowmetry maximum flow rates after urethral reconstructive surgery as a means to predict for stricture recurrence. J Urol. 2011;186(5):1934–7.
Johnson EK, Latini JM. The impact of urethroplasty on voiding symptoms and sexual function. Urology. 2011;78(1):198–201.
Morey AF, McAninch JW, Duckett CP, Rogers RS. American Urological Association symptom index in the assessment of urethroplasty outcomes. J Urol. 1998;159(4):1192–4.
Barbagli G, Selli C, Tosto A. Reoperative surgery for recurrent strictures of the penile and bulbous urethra. J Urol. 1996;156(1):76–7.
Joseph JV, Andrich DE, Leach CJ, Mundy AR. Urethroplasty for refractory anterior urethral stricture. J Urol. 2002;167(1):127–9.
Morey AF, Duckett CP, McAninch JW. Failed anterior urethroplasty: guidelines for reconstruction. J Urol. 1997;158(4):1383–7.
Webster GD, Ramon J, Kreder KJ. Salvage posterior urethroplasty after failed initial repair of pelvic fracture membranous urethral defects. J Urol. 1990;144(6):1370–2.
Kessler TM, Ryu G, Burkhard FC. Clean intermittent self-catheterization: a burden for the patient? Neurourol Urodyn. 2009;28(1):18–21.
Armenakas NA, Morey AF, McAninch JW. Reconstruction of resistant strictures of the fossa navicularis and meatus. J Urol. 1998;160(2):359–63.
Morey AF, Lin HC, DeRosa CA, Griffith BC. Fossa navicularis reconstruction: impact of stricture length on outcomes and assessment of extended meatotomy (first stage Johanson) maneuver. J Urol. 2007;177(1):184–7; discussion 187.
Levine LA, Strom KH, Lux MM. Buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty for anterior urethral stricture repair: evaluation of the impact of stricture location and lichen sclerosus on surgical outcome. J Urol. 2007;178(5):2011–5.
Peterson AC, Palminteri E, Lazzeri M, Guanzoni G, Barbagli G, Webster GD. Heroic measures may not always be justified in extensive urethral stricture due to lichen sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans). Urology. 2004;64(3):565–8.
McAninch JW, Morey AF. Penile circular fasciocutaneous skin flap in 1-stage reconstruction of complex anterior urethral strictures. J Urol. 1998;159(4):1209–13.
Orandi A. One-stage urethroplasty. Br J Urol. 1968;40(6):717–9.
Quartey JK. One-stage penile/preputial cutaneous island flap urethroplasty for urethral stricture: a preliminary report. J Urol. 1983;129(2):284–7.
Andrich DE, Mundy AR. Substitution urethroplasty with buccal mucosal-free grafts. J Urol. 2001;165(4):1131–3; discussion 1133–4.
El-Kasaby AW, Fath-Alla M, Noweir AM, El-Halaby MR, Zakaria W, El-Beialy MH. The use of buccal mucosa patch graft in the management of anterior urethral strictures. J Urol. 1993;149(2):276–8.
Heinke T, Gerharz EW, Bonfig R, Riedmiller H. Ventral onlay urethroplasty using buccal mucosa for complex stricture repair. Urology. 2003;61(5):1004–7.
Kane CJ, Tarman GJ, Summerton DJ, et al. Multi-institutional experience with buccal mucosa onlay urethroplasty for bulbar urethral reconstruction. J Urol. 2002;167(3):1314–7.
Pansadoro V, Emiliozzi P, Gaffi M, Scarpone P, DePaula F, Pizzo M. Buccal mucosa urethroplasty in the treatment of bulbar urethral strictures. Urology. 2003;61(5):1008–10.
Simonato A, Gregori A, Lissiani A, et al. The tongue as an alternative donor site for graft urethroplasty: a pilot study. J Urol. 2006;175(2):589–92.
Song LJ, Xu YM, Lazzeri M, Barbagli G. Lingual mucosal grafts for anterior urethroplasty: a review. BJU Int. 2009;104(8):1052–6.
Xu YM, Xu QK, Fu Q, et al. Oral complications after lingual mucosal graft harvesting for urethroplasty in 110 cases. BJU Int. 2011;108(1):140–5.
Barbagli G, Selli C, Tosto A, Palminteri E. Dorsal free graft urethroplasty. J Urol. 1996;155(1):123–6.
Wessells H. Ventral onlay graft techniques for urethroplasty. Urol Clin North Am. 2002;29(2):381–7, vii.
Gelman J, Sohn W. 1-Stage repair of obliterative distal urethral strictures with buccal graft urethral plate reconstruction and simultaneous onlay penile skin flap. J Urol. 2011;186(3):935–8.
Morey AF. Urethral plate salvage with dorsal graft promotes successful penile flap onlay reconstruction of severe pendulous strictures. J Urol. 2001;166(4):1376–8.
Schreiter F, Noll F. Mesh graft urethroplasty using split thickness skin graft or foreskin. J Urol. 1989;142(5):1223–6.
Mundy AR. Results and complications of urethroplasty and its future. Br J Urol. 1993;71(3):322–5.
Morey AF, Kizer WS. Proximal bulbar urethroplasty via extended anastomotic approach–what are the limits? J Urol. 2006;175(6):2145–9; discussion 2149.
Terlecki RP, Steele MC, Valadez C, Morey AF. Grafts are unnecessary for proximal bulbar reconstruction. J Urol. 2011;184(6):2395–9.
Coursey JW, Morey AF, McAninch JW, et al. Erectile function after anterior urethroplasty. J Urol. 2001;166(6):2273–6.
Guralnick ML, Webster GD. The augmented anastomotic urethroplasty: indications and outcome in 29 patients. J Urol. 2001;165(5):1496–501.
Morey AF, McAninch JW. Reconstruction of posterior urethral disruption injuries: outcome analysis in 82 patients. J Urol. 1997;157(2):506–10.
Webster GD, Ramon J. Repair of pelvic fracture posterior urethral defects using an elaborated perineal approach: experience with 74 cases. J Urol. 1991;145(4):744–8.
Pratap A, Agrawal CS, Tiwari A, Bhattarai BK, Pandit RK, Anchal N. Complex posterior urethral disruptions: management by combined abdominal transpubic perineal urethroplasty. J Urol. 2006;175(5):1751–4; discussion 1754.
Turner-Warwick R. Complex traumatic posterior urethral strictures. J Urol. 1977;118(4):564–74.
Waterhouse K, Abrahams JI, Gruber H, Hackett RE, Patil UB, Peng BK. The transpubic approach to the lower urinary tract. J Urol. 1973;109(3):486–90.
Turner-Warwick R. The use of the omental pedicle graft in urinary tract reconstruction. J Urol. 1976;116(3):341–7.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hudak, S.J., Morey, A.F. (2014). Reconstruction of Failed Urethroplasty. In: Brandes, S., Morey, A. (eds) Advanced Male Urethral and Genital Reconstructive Surgery. Current Clinical Urology. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7708-2_25
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7708-2_25
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-7707-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-7708-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)