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Ca-Homeostasis and Heart Failure: Focus on the Biophysics of Surface Membrane Ca-Fluxes

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Biophysics of the Failing Heart

Part of the book series: Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering ((BIOMEDICAL))

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Abstract

In cardiac myocytes calcium (Ca) entry over the plasma membrane plays a crucial role in the cells electrophysiological properties. It determines the plateau of the cardiac action potential and forms the essential trigger that initiates Ca-induced Ca release and thereby cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. Ca can enter the cardiomyocyte during the action potential by the activation of voltage-dependent L-type and T-type Ca channels. While the electrogenic sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) predominantly extrudes Ca from the cytoplasm, its dependence on the electrochemical driving force allows for Ca entry during depolarizing voltages when NCX operates in the reverse mode. In a ventricular myocyte the extend of Ca movement across the plasma membrane predominantly regulates cardiac contractility; however, these Ca-fluxes can also promote spontaneous activity. This can occur under physiological conditions during the diastolic depolarization of a cardiac pacemaker cell or under pathophysiological conditions when a dysregulation of Ca-fluxes allows for the generation of early or delayed after depolarizations. This kind of dysregulation can be observed during cardiac remodeling in the state of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. In this chapter the molecular and functional basis of Ca-fluxes across the plasma membrane and their changes during the cardiac remodeling process that leads to heart failure will be presented. We will discuss the importance of these changes for the increased propensity to arrhythmia as well as their contribution to the cardiac remodeling process itself.

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  1. Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA

    Kathrin Banach

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  1. Dept. of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA

    R. John Solaro

  2. University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

    Jil C. Tardiff

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Banach, K. (2013). Ca-Homeostasis and Heart Failure: Focus on the Biophysics of Surface Membrane Ca-Fluxes. In: Solaro, R., Tardiff, J. (eds) Biophysics of the Failing Heart. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7678-8_3

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