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Environmental Pollution by Organic Contaminants as the Contributors of the Global Warming

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Causes, Impacts and Solutions to Global Warming

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Abstract

Because they contain black carbon as the UV-absorbing component, soot particles are regarded as contributing significantly to global warming. They are released to ambient air during the burning of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels—coal and petroleum in particular. Concurrently with soot, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed as the by-products of the incomplete combustion of organic matter. A correlation between concentration levels of PAHs in atmospheric particles and soot content is detected, given PAHs’ high affinity for carbonaceous materials and strong sorption to soot particles. Therefore, it can be assumed that sorption to the soot particles governs the gas–particle partition process of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air. The main objective of the chapter is to estimate the gas–particle partition of PAHs using the soot–air partition coefficient (KSA) within the model proposed by Dachs–Eisenreich and to compare the modeled values with results obtained from the field measurements. Air sampling campaign is performed during the early summer period at six selected urban and industrial localities in Vojvodina (Serbia), using the high-volume ambient air samplers. For each sampling period, one quartz fiber filter (GF) and two polyurethane foam filters are used. Contemporary usage of both types of sampling medium has enabled the simultaneous collection of suspended particles and gaseous phase of PAHs. Samples are analyzed using GC-MS instrument (HP 6890–HP 5972) supplied with a J&W Scientific fused silica column DB-5MS. The statistical analysis is performed using Statistica 10. The modeled values obtained using the Dachs–Eisenreich approach are in reasonable agreement with results from the field measurement and, consequently, confirm that soot–air partition coefficient can be used as prediction parameter of the gas–particle partitioning processes for PAHs.

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Abbreviations

ϕ:

Particle-bound fraction (%)

ΔHvap :

Heat of evaporation (kJ∙mol−1)

ρoct :

Octanol density (kg/dm3)

ΔSvap :

Evaporation entropy (kJ∙mol−1∙K−1)

aAC :

Specific surface area of the activated carbon (m2∙g−1)

aEC :

Specific surface area of the elemental carbon (m2∙g−1)

c:

Constant depending on the substance’s molecular weight and heat of condensation (Pa∙cm)

CG :

The gas-phase concentration (ng∙m−3 of air)

CP :

Concentration of the compound on particles (ng/μg of particles)

fEC :

Fractions of elemental carbon in aerosol (gEC/gTSP)

fOM :

Organic fraction of the aerosol (gOM/gTSP)

H′:

Henry constant (−)

KOA :

Octanol/air partition coefficient (−)

Kp :

Gas–particle partition coefficient (m3∙μg−1)

KSA :

Soot/air partition coefficient (dm3∙kg−1)

KSW :

Soot/water partition coefficient (dm3∙kg−1)

MOM :

Molecular weight of the organic matter (g∙mol−1)

pL 0 :

Sub-cooled liquid vapor pressure (Pa)

T:

Absolute temperature (K)

TSP:

Concentration of suspended particles in the ambient air (μg∙m−3)

γOM :

The activity coefficient of the organic film (−)

θ:

Particles’ surface (m2∙m−3)

BC:

Black carbon

GC-MS:

Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy

LRT:

Long-range transport

NATO:

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

OC:

Organic carbon

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PUF:

Polyurethane foam filters

SVOCs:

Semivolatile organic carbon species

UNEP:

United Nations Environment Programme

UV:

Ultraviolet

VOCs:

Volatile organic carbon species

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Acknowledgement

This research is supported by the Ministry of Education and Science, Republic of Serbia (III46009), and the NATO Science for Peace Program (ESP.EAP.SFP 984087). Special thanks to dr Jana Klánová, dr Ivan Holoubek, and Research Centre for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, the Czech Republic, for the cooperation within the APOPSBAL project.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 6, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia

    Jelena Radonić, Maja Turk-Sekulić & Mirjana Vojinović-Miloradov

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  1. Jelena Radonić
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  2. Maja Turk-Sekulić
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  3. Mirjana Vojinović-Miloradov
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Correspondence to Jelena Radonić .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada

    Ibrahim Dincer

  2. Makina Muhendisligi Bolumu, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca, Izmir, Turkey

    Can Ozgur Colpan

  3. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey

    Fethi Kadioglu

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Radonić, J., Turk-Sekulić, M., Vojinović-Miloradov, M. (2013). Environmental Pollution by Organic Contaminants as the Contributors of the Global Warming. In: Dincer, I., Colpan, C., Kadioglu, F. (eds) Causes, Impacts and Solutions to Global Warming. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7588-0_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7588-0_7

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