Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Animal Pain pp 1–26Cite as

Peripheral Mechanisms Involved in Pain

  • Chapter

Abstract

The structural and physiological basis of pain sensations has been the most elusive area of sensory research, and the information concerning specific receptors and pathways is mostly recent. The nineteenth century concept of sensory modality, introduced by Helmholtz to designate qualitatively distinctive sensory continua, was widely adopted to fit a schema in which touch, warmth, cold, and pain were accepted as primary qualities or modalities (10, 68, 107) in keeping with the Müller concept of specific energy. Müller’s concept is more easily applied to the organs of special sense than to cutaneous sensation because it is often difficult to excite the skin and evoke a single introspective sensory quality; for example, it is difficult to evoke pain without touch or warmth components. The discovery by Blix (8) of a mosaic of sensory-specific spots ultimately led to acceptance of the idea that there was a distinctive anatomical substrate subserving each specific modality. Von Frey allocated the end organs known in the nineteenth century to each of the established modalities (68, 98, 107).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Beck, P. W., and H. O. Handwerker. Bradykinin and serotonin effects on various types of cutaneous nerve fibres. Pfluegers Arch. 347: 209–222, 1974.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Beck, P. W., H. O. Handwerker, and M. Zimmermann. Nervous outflow from the cat’s foot during noxious radiant heat stimulation. Brain Res. 67: 373–386, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bessou, P., P. R. Burgess, E. R. Perl, and C. B. Taylor. Dynamic properties of mechanoreceptors with unmyelinated (C) fibers. J. Neurophysiol. 34: 116–131, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bessou, P., and E. R. Perl. Response of cutaneous sensory units with unmyelinated fibers to noxious stimuli. J. Neurophysiol. 32: 1025–1043, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Beuerman, R. W., D. M. Maurice, and D. L. Tanelian. Thermal stimulation of the cornea. In: Pain in the Trigeminal Region, edited by D. Anderson and B. Matthews. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1977, p. 422–423.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Beuerman, R. W., and D. L. Tanelian. Corneal pain evoked by thermal stimulation. Pain 7: 1–14, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bishop, G. H., and W. M. Landau. Evidence for a double peripheral pathway for pain. Science 128: 712–713, 1958.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Blix, M. Experimentelle Beitrage zur Losung der Frage über die specifische Energie der Hautnerven. Z. Biol. Munich 20: 141–156, 1884.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bonica, J. J. Causalgia and other reflex sympathetic dystrophies. In: Advances in Pain Research and Therapy, edited by J. C. Liebeskind and D. G. Albe-Fessard. New York: Raven, 1979, vol. 3, p. 141–166.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Boring, E. G. Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology. New York: Appleton, 1942.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Breathnach, A. S. An Atlas of the Ultrastructure of Human Skin. London: Churchill, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Breathnach, A. S. Electron microscopy of cutaneous nerves and receptors. J. Invest. Dermatol. 69: 8–26, 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Buck, S. H., M. S. Miller, and T. F. Burks. Depletion of primary afferent substance P by capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin without altered thermal sensitivity in rats. Brain Res. 233: 216–220, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Buck, S. H., J. H. Walsh, H. I. Yamamura, and T. F. Burks. Minireview: neuropeptides in sensory neurons. Life Sci. 30: 1857–1866, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Burgess, P. R., and E. R. Perl. Myelinated afferent fibres responding specifically to noxious stimulation of the skin. J. Physiol. London 190: 541–562, 1967.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Burgess, P. R., and E. R. Perl. Cutaneous mechanoreceptors and nociceptors. In: Handbook of Sensory Physiology. Somatosensory System, edited by A. Iggo. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1973, vol. II, p. 29–78.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Burks, T. F., S. H. Buck, M. S. Miller, P. P. Deshmukh, and H. I. Yamamura. Characterization in guinea pigs of the sensory effects of the putative substance P neurotoxin capsaicin. Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. 24: 353–357, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Campbell, J. N., R. A. Meyer, and R. H. Lamotte. Sensitization of myelinated nociceptive afferents that innervate monkey hand. J. Neurophysiol. 42: 1669–1679, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Campbell, J. N., R. A. Meyer, and S. M. Lancellotta. Correlational analysis of hyperalgesia in humans with responses of nociceptive primary afferents in the monkey. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 6: 246, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Cauna, N. Light and electron microscopical structure of sensory end-organs in human skin. In: The Skin Senses, edited by D. R. Kenshalo. Springfield, IL: Thomas, 1968, p. 15–29.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Cauna, N. The free penicillate nerve endings of the human hairy skin. J. Anat. 115: 277–288, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Cauna, N. Fine morphological changes in the penicillate nerve endings of human hairy skin during prolonged itching. Anat. Rec. 188: 1–11, 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Cauna, N. Fine morphological characteristics and microtopography of the free nerve endings of the human digital skin. Anat. Rec. 198: 643–656, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Cervero, F., and H. A. McRitchie. Neonatal capsaicin and thermal nociception: a paradox. Brain Res. 215: 414–418, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Chapman, L. F., A. O. Ramos, H. Goodell, and H. G. Wolff. Neurohumoral features of afferent fibers in man. Their role in vasodilatation, inflammation, and pain. Arch. Neurol. 4: 49–82, 1961.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Coggeshall, R. E., M. L. Applebaum, M. Fazen, T. B. Stubbs, and M. T. Sykes. Unmyelinated axons in human ventral roots, a possible explanation for the failure of dorsal rhizotomy to relieve pain. Brain 98: 157–166, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Coggeshall, R. E., J. D. Coulter, and W. D. Willis. Unmyelinated axons in the ventral roots of the cat lumbosacral enlargement. J. Comp. Neurol. 153: 39–58, 1974.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Collins, W. F., F. E. Nulsen, and C. T. Randt. Relation of peripheral nerve fiber size and sensation in man. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 3: 381–385, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Cunningham, F. O., and M. J. T. Fitzgerald. Encapsulated nerve endings in hairy skin. J. Anat. 112: 93–97, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Devor, M., and W. Janig. Activation of myelinated afferents ending in a neuroma by stimulation of the sympathetic supply in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 24: 43–47, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Devor, M., D. Schonfeld, Z. Seltzer, and P. D. Wall. Two modes of cutaneous reinnervation following peripheral nerve injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 185: 211–220, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Devor, M., and P. D. Wall. Type of sensory nerve fibre sprouting to form a neuroma. Nature London 262: 705–708, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Devor, M., and P. D. Wall. Effect of peripheral nerve injury on receptive fields of cells in the cat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 199: 277–291, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Diamond, J. The recovery of sensory function in skin after peripheral nerve lesions. In: Posttraumatic Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Experimental Basis and Clinical Implications, edited by A. Gorio, H. Millesi, and S. Mingrino. New York: Raven, 1981, p. 533–546.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Fitzgerald, M., and B. Lynn. The sensitization of high threshold mechanoreceptors with myelinated axons by repeated heating. J. Physiol. London 365: 549–563, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Gamse, R., P. Holzer, and F. Lembeck. Decrease of substance P in primary afferent neurones and impairment of neurogenic plasma extravasation by capsaicin. Br. J. Pharmacol. 68: 207–213, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Georgopoulos, A. P. Functional properties of primary afferent units probably related to pain mechanisms in primate glabrous skin. J. Neurophysiol. 39: 71–83, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Goldberger, M. E., and M. Murray. Recovery of movement and axonal sprouting may obey some of the same laws. In: Neuronal Plasticity, edited by C. W. Cotman. New York: Raven, 1978, p. 73–96.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Goldscheider, A. Über den Schmerz. Gesammelte Abh. Leipzig 1: 1898.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Govrin-Lippmann, R., and M. Devor. Ongoing activity in severed nerves: source and variation with time. Brain Res. 159: 406–410, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Halata, Z. The mechanoreceptors of the mammalian skin ultrastructure and morphological classification. Adv. Anat. Embryo]. Cell Biol. 50: 1–77, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Hallin, R. G., and H. E. Torebjörk. Studies on cutaneous A and C fibre afferents, skin nerve blocks and perception. In: Sensory Functions of the Skin in Primates, edited by Y. Zotterman. London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1976, p. 137–148.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Hannington-Kiff, J. E. Intravenous regional sympathetic block with guanethidine. Lancet 1: 1019–1020, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Hayes, A. G., M. Skingle, and M. B. Tyers. Effects of single doses of capsaicin on nociceptive thresholds in the rodent. Neuropharmacology 20: 505–511, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Hayes, A. G., and M. B. Tyers. Effects of capsaicin on nociceptive heat, pressure and chemical thresholds and on substance P levels in the rat. Brain Res. 189: 561–564, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Henry, J. L. Effects of substance P on functionally identified units in the cat spinal cord. Brain Res. 114: 439–451, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hensel, H., K. H. Andres, and M. von Diiring. Structure and function of cold receptors. Pfluegers Arch. 352: 1–10, 1974.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Hökfelt, T., J. O. Kellerth, G. Nilsson, and B. Pernow. Substance P: localization in the central nervous system and in some primary sensory neurons. Science 190: 889–890, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Holzer, P., R. Jurna, R. Gamse, and F. Lembeck. Nociceptive threshold after neonatal capsaicin treatment. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 58: 511–514, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Horch, K. Absence of functional collateral sprouting of mechanoreceptor axons into denervated areas of mammalian skin. Exp. Neural. 74: 313–317, 1981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Horch, K. W., P. R. Burgess, and D. Whitehorn. Ascending collaterals of cutaneous neurons in the fasciculus gracilis of the cat. Brain Res. 117: 1–17, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hosobuchi, Y. The majority of unmyelinated afferent axons in human ventral roots probably conduct pain. Pain 8: 167–180, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Hoyes, A. D., and P. Barber. Ultrastructure of corneal receptors. In: Pain in the Trigeminal Region, edited by D. Anderson and B. Matthews. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1977, p. 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Hunt, C. C., and A. K. McIntyre. An analysis of fibre diameter and receptor characteristics of myelinated cutaneous afferent fibres in cat. J. Physiol. London 153: 99–112, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Iggo, A. Cutaneous heat and cold receptors with slowly conducting (C) afferent fibres. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 44: 362–370, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Iggo, A. Cutaneous mechanoreceptors with afferent C fibres. J. Physiol. London 152: 337–353, 1960.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Iggo, A., and A. R. Muir. The structure and function of a slowly adapting touch corpuscle in hairy skin. J. Physiol. London 200: 763–796, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Iggo, A., and H. Ogawa. Primate cutaneous thermal nociceptors (Abstract). J. Physiol. London 216: 77P - 78P, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Iriuchijima, J., and Y. Zotterman. The specificity of afferent cutaneous C fibres in mammals. Acta Physiol. Scand. 49: 267–278, 1960.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Jackson, P. C., and J. Diamond. Is sensory nerve activity necessary for collateral sprouting in the skin of adult rats? Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 5: 628, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Jackson, P. C., and J. Diamond. Regenerating axons reclaim sensory targets from collateral nerve sprouts. Science 214: 926–928, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Jancsó, G., E. Kiraly, and A. Jancsó-Gâbor. Pharmacologically induced selective degeneration of chemosensitive primary sensory neurones. Nature London 270: 741–743, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Jancsó, N., A. Jancsó-Gâbor, and J. Szolcsânyi. Direct evidence for neurogenic inflammation and its prevention by denervation and by pretreatment with capsaicin. Br. J. Pharmacol. 31: 138–151, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Jessell, T. M., L. L. Iversen, and A. C. Cuello. Capsaicin induced depletion of substance P from primary sensory neurons. Brain Res. 152: 183–188, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Kenins, P. Identification of the unmyelinated sensory nerves which evoke plasma extravasation in response to antidromic stimulation. Neurosci. Lett. 25: 137–141, 1981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Korenman, E. M. D., and M. Devor. Ectopic adrenergic sensitivity in damaged peripheral nerve axons in the rat. Exp. Neurol. 72: 63–81, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Kruger, L. Cutaneous sense organs and the role of thin fibers in sensation, with particular reference to reinnervation. In: Posttraumatic Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Experimental Basis and Clinical Implications, edited by A. Gorio, H. Millesi, and S. Mingrino. New York: Raven, 1981, p. 549–561.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Kruger, L., and S. A. Kroin. A brief historical survey of concepts in pain research. In: Handbook of Perception, edited by E. C. Carterette and M. P. Friedman. New York: Academic, 1978, vol. VIB, p. 159–179.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Kruger, L., E. R. Perl, and M. J. Sedivec. Fine structure of myelinated mechanical nociceptor endings in cat hairy skin. J. Comp. Neurol. 198: 137–154, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Kumazawa, T., and E. R. Perl. Primate cutaneous sensory units with unmyelinated (C) afferent fibers. J. Neurophysiol. 40: 1325–1338, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. LaMotte, R. H., and J. N. Campbell. Comparison of responses of warm and nociceptive C-fiber afferents in monkey with human judgments of thermal pain. J. Neurophysiol. 41: 509–528, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Lasson, S. N., and S. M. Nickels. The use of morphometric techniques to analyse the effect of neonatal capsaicin treatment on rat dorsal root ganglia and dorsal roots (Abstract). J. Physiol. London 303: 12P, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Lewis, T. Pain. New York: Macmillan, 1942.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Light, A. R., and C. B. Metz. The morphology of the spinal cord efferent and afferent neurons contributing to the ventral roots of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 179: 501–516, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Liu, C. N., and W. W. Chambers. Intraspinal sprouting of dorsal root axons. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 79: 46–61, 1958.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Livingston, W. K. Evidence of active invasion of denervated areas by sensory fibers from neighboring nerves in man. J. Neurosurg. 4: 140–145, 1947.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Loeser, J. 13., and A. A. Ward, Jr. Some effects of deafferentation on the neurons of the cat spinal cord. Arch. Neurol. 17: 629–636, 1967.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Lombard, M. C., B. S. Nashold, Jr., D. Albe-Fessard, N. Saiman, and C. Sakr. Deafferentation hypersensitivity in the rat after dorsal rhizotomy: a possible animal model of chronic pain. Pain 6: 163–174, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Lombard, M. C., B. S. Nashold, Jr., and T. Pelissier. Thalamic recordings in rats with hyperalgesia. In: Advances in Pain Research and Therapy, edited by J. C. Liebeskind and D. G. Albe-Fessard. New York: Raven, 1979, vol. 3, p. 767–772.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Lynn, B. The heat sensitisation of polymodal nociceptors in the rabbit and its independence of the local blood flow. J. Physiol. London 287: 493–507, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Maruhashi, I., K. Mizuguchi, and I. Tasaki. Action currents in single afferent nerve fibres elicited by stimulation of the skin of the toad and the cat. J. Physiol. London 117: 129–150, 1952.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Melzack, R., and P. D. Wall. On the nature of the cutaneous sensory mechanisms. Brain 85: 331–356, 1962.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Melzack, R., and P. D. Wall. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science 150: 971–979, 1965.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Meyer, R. A., and J. N. Campbell. Evidence for two distinct classes of unmyelinated nociceptive afferents in monkey. Brain Res. 224: 149–152, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Miller, A., M. Costa, J. B. Furness, and I. W. Chubb. Substance P immunoreactive sensory nerves supply the rat iris and cornea. Neurosci. Lett. 23: 243–249, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Miller, M. S., S. H. Buck, I. G. Sypes, and T. F. Burks. Capsaicin-induced analgesia: characterization and a site of action. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 7: 504, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Montagna, W. Morphology of cutaneous sensory receptors. J. Invest. Dermatol. 69: 4–7, 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Mosso, J. A., and L. Kruger. Spinal trigeminal neurons excited by noxious and thermal stimuli. Brain Res. 38: 206–210, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Munger, B. L. Patterns of organization of peripheral sensory receptors. In: Handbook of Sensory Physiology. Principles of Receptor Physiology, edited by W. R. Loewenstein. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1971, vol. I, p. 523–556.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Nafe, J. P., and D. R. Kenshalo. Somesthetic senses. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 13: 20 1224, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Nagy, J. I., P. C. Emson, and L. L. Iversen. A re-evaluation of the neurochemical and antinociceptive effects of intrathecal capsaicin in the rat. Brain Res. 211: 497502, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Nagy, J. I., S. R. Vincent, W. A. Staines, H. C. Fibiger, T. D. Reisine, and H. I. Yamamura. Neurotoxic action of capsaicin on spinal substance P neurons. Brain Res. 186: 435–444, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Nixon, B., P. Jackson, A. Diamond, A. Foerster, and J. Diamond. Impulse activity evokes collateral sprouting of intact nerves into available target tissue. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 6: 171, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Orfanos, C. E., and G. Mahrle. Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of human cutaneous nerves. With special reference to the ultrastructural localization of the specific and nonspecific cholinesterases in human skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 61: 108120, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Palermo, N. N., H. K. Brown, and D. L. Smith. Selective neurotoxic action of capsaicin on glomerular C-type terminals in rat substantia gelatinosa. Brain Res. 208: 506–510, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Pearson, J., L. Brandeis, and A. C. Cuello. Depletion of substance P-containing 25 axons in substantia gelatinosa of patients with diminished pain sensitivity. Nature London 295: 61–63, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Perl, E. R. Myelinated afferent fibres innervating the primate skin and their response to noxious stimuli. J. Physiol. London 197: 593–615, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Perl, E. R. Is pain a specific sensation ? J. Psychiatr. Res. 8: 273–287, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Perl, E. R. Sensitization of nociceptors and its relation to sensation. Adv. Pain Res. Ther. 1: 17–28, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Perl, E. R. Afferent basis of nociception and pain: evidence from the characteristics of sensory receptors and their projections to the spinal dorsal horn. Res. Publ. Assoc. Res. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 58: 19–45, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Piercey, M. F., L. A. Schroeder, K. Folkers, and J.-C. Xu, and J. Honig. Sensory and motor functions of spinal cord substance P. Science 214: 1361–1362, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Randic, M., and V. Miletic. Effect of substance P in cat dorsal horn neurons activated by noxious stimuli. Brain Res. 128: 164–169, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. a.Ridley, A. Silver staining of nerve endings in human digital glabrous skin. J. Anat. 104: 41–48, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Rodin, B. E., S. Sampogna, and L. Kruger. A reevaluation of intraspinal sprouting of primary afferents. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 7: 66, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Scadding, J. W. The permanent anatomical effects of neonatal capsaicin on soma’ tosensory nerves. J. Anat. 131: 471–484, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Seltzer, Z., and M. Devor. Ephaptic transmission in chronically damaged peripheral nerves. Neurology 29: 1061–1064, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Sinclair, D. C. Cutaneous Sensation. London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Sinclair, D. C. Mechanisms of Cutaneous Sensation. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Sinclair, D. C., G. Weddell, and E. Zander. The relationship of cutaneous sensibility to neurohistology in the human pinna. J. Anat. 86: 402–411, 1952.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Sweet, W. H. Animal models of chronic pain: their possible validation for human experience with posterior rhizotomy and congenital analgesia. Pain 10: 275–295, c 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Szolcsanyi, J. A pharmacological approach to elucidation of the role of different nerve fibers and receptor endings in mediation of pain. J. Physiol. Paris 73: 25 1259, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Szolcsanyi, J., A. Jancso-Gabor, and F. Joo. Functional and fine structural charac1 teristics of the sensory neuron blocking effect of capsaicin. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmacol. 287: 157–169, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Tervo, T. Consecutive demonstration of nerves containing catecholamine and acetylcholinesterase in the rat cornea. Histochemistry 50: 291–299, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Tervo, T., F. Joo, K. T. Huikuri, I. Toth, and A. Palkama. Fine structure of sensory nerves in the rat cornea: an experimental nerve degeneration study. Pain 6: 57–70, 9 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Torebjörk, H. E. Afferent C units responding to mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli in human non-glabrous skin. Acta Physiol. Scand. 92: 374–390, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Torebjörk, H. E., and R. G. Hallin. Microneurographic studies of peripheral pain e mechanisms in man. In: Advances in Pain Research and Therapy, edited by J. C. Liebeskind and D. B. Albe-Fessard. New York: Albe-Fessard. 1979, vol. 3, p. 121–131.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Torebjörk, H. E., and J. L. Ochoa. Specific sensations evoked by activity in single if identified sensory units in man. Acta Physiol. Scand. 110: 445–447, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Tower, S. S. Unit for sensory reception in cornea (with notes on nerve impulses from sclera, iris and lens). J. Neurophysiol. 3: 486–500, 1940.

    Google Scholar 

  119. g 118. Van Hees, J., and J. Gybels. C nociceptor activity in human nerve during painful

    Google Scholar 

  120. and non painful skin stimulation. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 44: 600–607, 1981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Walker, A. E., and F. Nulson. Electrical stimulation of the upper thoracic portion of the sympathetic chain in man. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 59: 559–560, 1948.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Wall, P. D. The role of substantia gelatinosa as a gate control. Res. Publ. Assoc. Res. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 58: 205–231, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Wall, P. D., M. Devor, R. Inbal, J. W. Scadding, D. Schonfeld, Z. Seltzer, and M. M. Tomkiewicz. Autonomy following peripheral nerve lesions: experimental anaesthesia dolorosa. Pain 7: 103–113, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Wall, P. D., and M. Gutnick. Ongoing activity in peripheral nerves: the physiology and pharmacology of impulses originating from a neuroma. Exp. Neurol. 43: 580–593, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Wall, P. D., J. W. Scadding, and M. M. Tomkiewicz. The production and prevention of experimental anesthesia dolorosa. Pain 6: 175–182, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Wallin, G., H. E. Torebjörk, and R. G. Hallin. Preliminary observations on the pathophysiology of hyperalgesia in the causalgic pain syndrome. In: Sensory Function of the Skin in Primates with Special Reference to Man, edited by Y. Zotterman. Oxford, UK: Pergamon, 1976, p. 489–502.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Weddell, G. Axonal regeneration of cutaneous nerve plexuses. J. Anat. 77: 49–62, 1942.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Weddell, G., L. Guttmann, and E. Gutmann. The local extension of nerve fibres into denervated areas of skin. J. Neurol. Psychiatry 4: 206–225, 1941.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Willer, N. C., F. Boureau, and D. Albe-Fessard. Role of large diameter cutaneous afferents in transmission of nociceptive messages: electrophysiological study in man. Brain Res. 152: 358–364, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Yaksh, T. L., D. H. Farb, S. E. Leeman, and T. M. Jessell. Intrathecal capsaicin depletes substance P in the rat spinal cord and produces prolonged thermal analgesia. Science 206: 481–483, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Zimmermann, M. Neurophysiology of nociception. In: Neurophysiology II, edited by R. Porter. Baltimore, MD: University Park, 1976, vol. 10, p. 179–221. (Int. Rev. Physiol. Ser.)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Anatomy and Anesthesiology, and the Ahmanson Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, University of California Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Lawrence Kruger & Barbara E. Rodin

Authors
  1. Lawrence Kruger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Barbara E. Rodin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

    Ralph L. Kitchell

  2. Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA

    Howard H. Erickson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 American Physiological Society

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kruger, L., Rodin, B.E. (1983). Peripheral Mechanisms Involved in Pain. In: Kitchell, R.L., Erickson, H.H. (eds) Animal Pain. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7562-0_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7562-0_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-7562-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation