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Abstract

It was not just Boltzmann’s aura surrounding the chair in theoretical physics at the University of Munich nor the challenge of collaborating as theoretician beside Röntgen in research on X-rays that made the position at Munich so attractive for Sommerfeld. Munich, “City of Museums,” was known in these years as a Mecca of art and joie de vivre. Sommerfeld had gotten his first “heavenly impression” at the conclusion of his studies when he discovered the amazing Munich painting and sculpture collections, as well as his taste for Bavarian beer in various pubs. It was not by chance that he chose Munich as his honeymoon spot, and Johanna gladly let herself be infected by her husband’s enthusiasm for this city as well.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Bauer, Prinzregentenzeit, 1988; Prinz/Kraus, München, 1988; Bauer, Geschichte, 2008.

  2. 2.

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  3. 3.

    München, München - wie geplant, 2004, p. 86.

  4. 4.

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  5. 5.

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  6. 6.

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  7. 7.

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  8. 8.

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  9. 9.

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  10. 10.

    From Wehner, July 23, 1906. DMA, NL 89, 019, folder 5,2.

  11. 11.

    Ewald, Erinnerungen, 1968, pp. 538–539.

  12. 12.

    Röntgen to Zehnder, December 27, 1906. In: Zehnder, Röntgen, 1935, p. 112; Jungnickel/McCormmach, Mastery, 1990, pp. 278–281.

  13. 13.

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  14. 14.

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  15. 15.

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  16. 16.

    Litten, Korn-Röntgen-Affäre, 1993, p. 46.

  17. 17.

    Vorlesungsverzeichnisse der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/view/lmu/vlverz=5F04.html (30 January 2013); on Donle, see http://litten.de/fulltext/donle.htm (30 January 2013).

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  20. 20.

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  22. 22.

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  23. 23.

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  24. 24.

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  25. 25.

    From Abraham, June 18, 1907. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,1.

  26. 26.

    Sommerfeld, Bewegung der Elektronen, 1907; Lindemann, Bewegung der Elektronen, Zweiter Teil, 1907; Lindemann, Elektronentheorie, 1907; Sommerfeld, Diskussion, 1907; Lindemann, Elektronentheorie II, 1907.

  27. 27.

    To W. Wien, June 20, 1908. DMA, NL 56, 010. Also in ASWB I.

  28. 28.

    From Lorentz, November 13, 1907. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,208. Also in ASWB I.

  29. 29.

    From Klein, November 20, 1907. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,170.

  30. 30.

    To W. Wien, November 5, 1905. DMA, NL 56, 010.

  31. 31.

    Planck, Messungen, 1906.

  32. 32.

    Diskussionsbemerkung zu Planck, Messungen, 1906, p. 761.

  33. 33.

    To W. Wien, November 23, 1906. DMA, NL 56, 010. Also in ASWB I.

  34. 34.

    To Lorentz, December 26, 1907. RANH, Lorentz, inv.nr. 74. Also in ASWB I.

  35. 35.

    Sommerfeld, Einwand, 1907.

  36. 36.

    From Einstein, January 14, 1908. DMA, NL 89, 007. Also in ASWB I.

  37. 37.

    To Lorentz, November 16, 1908. RANH, Lorentz, inv.nr. 74. Also in ASWB I.

  38. 38.

    To W. Wien, April 21, 1909. DMA, NL 56, 010. Also in ASWB I.

  39. 39.

    To Lorentz, January 9, 1910. RANH, Lorentz, inv.nr. 74. Also in ASWB I.

  40. 40.

    Minkowski, Raum, 1909; Walter, Minkowski, 1999; Walter, World, 2010.

  41. 41.

    To Johanna, September 22, 1908.

  42. 42.

    To Johanna, September 24, 1908.

  43. 43.

    To Runge, January 15, 1909. DMA, HS 1976-31. Also in ASWB I.

  44. 44.

    Sommerfeld, Relativitätstheorie I, II, 1910.

  45. 45.

    To the Philosophical Faculty, Section, II, of the LMU, April 20, 1909. UA, OC I 36.

  46. 46.

    Laue, Relativitätsprinzip, 1911; Janssen/Mecklenburg, Mechanics, 2007.

  47. 47.

    Pyenson, Collaboration, 1978; Staley, Generation, 2008, Part III.

  48. 48.

    Ewald, Sommerfeld als Mensch, 1968, p. 12. “Die Mechanik, die ist ein gefügiges Ding,/Die Geschwindigkeiten sind so lumpig gering,/Und widerspricht was, behauptete keck ich/Der Aether ist rein, die Materie dreckig.”

  49. 49.

    To W. Wien, July 4, 1905. DMA, NL 56, 010. Also in ASWB I.

  50. 50.

    Ioffe, Begegnungen, 1967, p. 39.

  51. 51.

    Ewald, Fifty Years, 1962, pp. 33–34; Paul Epstein, Interview with Alice Epstein, November 22, 1965 and February 8, 1966. Archives of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. http://oralhistories.library.caltech.edu/73/ (30 January 2013).

  52. 52.

    Ewald, Sommerfeld als Mensch, 1968, p. 10.

  53. 53.

    Ewald, Sommerfeld als Mensch, 1968, S. 11.

  54. 54.

    To Johanna, April 7, 1908.

  55. 55.

    To Johanna, March 10, 1907.

  56. 56.

    To W. Wien, June 20, 1905. DMA, NL 56, 010.

  57. 57.

    Ioffe, Begegnungen, 1967, p. 39.

  58. 58.

    To Schwarzschild, May 2, 1908. SUB, Schwarzschild. Also in ASWB I.

  59. 59.

    To Schwarzschild, May 9, 1908. SUB, Schwarzschild. Also in ASWB I.

  60. 60.

    To the Philosophical Faculty, II. Section, July 23, 1908. UA, OC-I-34p. Also in ASWB I; Debye, Feld, 1908; Debye, Lichtdruck, 1909.

  61. 61.

    From Grover, April 8, 1908. DMA, NL 89, 008.

  62. 62.

    Draft of reply to Grover, after April 8, 1908. DMA, NL 89, 008.

  63. 63.

    To the Philosophical Faculty, II. Section, 30. June 30, 1908. UA, OC-I-34p. On Grover’s work at the Bureau of Standards, see Cochrane, Measures, 1966, pp. 74–109.

  64. 64.

    Eckert, Mathematics, 1999.

  65. 65.

    Eckert, Birth, 2010.

  66. 66.

    To the Philosophical Faculty, II. Section, July 5, 1909. UA, OC-I-35p.

  67. 67.

    Peter Debye, Interview conducted by T. S. Kuhn and G. Uhlenbeck, May 3, 1962. AHQP. http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/4568_1.html (30 January 2013).

  68. 68.

    Hopf, Turbulenz, 1910.

  69. 69.

    To the Philosophical Faculty, II. Section, June 15, 1909. UA, OC I 35 p; Hondros, Drahtwellen, 1909.

  70. 70.

    Hondros/Debye, Elektromagnetische Wellen, 1910.

  71. 71.

    Zinke/Brunswig, Hochfrequenztechnik, Chap. 5.4.2.

  72. 72.

    From Einstein, January 14, 1908. DMA, NL 89, 007. Also in ASWB I.

  73. 73.

    Ewald, Erinnerungen, 1968.

  74. 74.

    Sommerfeld, Autobiographische Skizze, ASGS 4, p. 677.

  75. 75.

    Debye, Interviewed by T. S. Kuhn and G. Uhlenbeck, May 3, 1962. http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/4568_1.html (30 January 2013).

  76. 76.

    Epstein, Interviewed by Alice Epstein, November 22, 1965 and February 8, 1966. Archives of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. http://oralhistories.library.caltech.edu/73/ (30 January 2013).

  77. 77.

    Koch to Sommerfeld, August 6, 1944. Munich, UB, Sommerfeld estate.

  78. 78.

    Münchener Physikalisches Mittwochskolloquium, DMA, 1997–5115.

  79. 79.

    Hertwig to Sommerfeld, November 3, 1910. DMA, NL 89, 030.

  80. 80.

    Olesko, Physics, 1991; Toepell, Mathematiker, 1996, Chap. 5.3.

  81. 81.

    Max Wien to Wilhelm Wien, October 13, 1911. DMA, NL 56, Nr. 849.

  82. 82.

    From Johann Koenigsberger, January 8, 1913. DMA, NL 89, 010.

  83. 83.

    To W. Wien, April 21, 1909. DMA, NL 56, 010. Also in ASWB I. Kuhn, Black-Body Theory, 1978.

  84. 84.

    To Runge, June 9, 1906. DMA, HS 1976–31.

  85. 85.

    Sommerfeld, Beitrag, 1909; Eckert, Birth, 2010.

  86. 86.

    To Lorentz, 12. December 12, 1906. RANH, Lorentz inv.nr. 74. Also in ASWB I.

  87. 87.

    Zenneck, Fortpflanzung, 1907, pp. 849 and 865.

  88. 88.

    Zenneck, Leitfaden, 1909, pp. 221–222.

  89. 89.

    Zenneck, Fortpflanzung, 1907, p. 856.

  90. 90.

    Sommerfeld, Ausbreitung, 1909.

  91. 91.

    From Lorentz, March 21, 1909. DMA, HS 1977- 28/A,208.

  92. 92.

    From Voigt, April 9, 1909. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,347.

  93. 93.

    From Schwarzschild, April 19, 1909. DMA, NL 56, 010. Also in ASWB I.

  94. 94.

    Sommerfeld, Ausbreitung, 1910.

  95. 95.

    Epstein, Kraftliniendiagramme, 1910.

  96. 96.

    To the Philosophical Faculty, 2. Section, January 7, 1911. Munich, UA, OC I 37p. Hoerschelmann, Wirkungsweise, 1911.

  97. 97.

    Epstein to Ehrenfest, November 19, 1910. AHQP/EHR 19.

  98. 98.

    Debye to Ehrenfest, May 30, 1911. AHQP/EHR 19.

  99. 99.

    To Sommerfeld, August 24, 1911. AHQP/Ehr 25. Also in ASWB I.

  100. 100.

    To Sommerfeld, September 30, 1911. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,76. Also in ASWB I.

  101. 101.

    From Debye, March 29, 1912. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,61.

  102. 102.

    To Lorentz, April 24, 1912. RANH, Lorentz, inv.nr. 74. Also in ASWB I.

  103. 103.

    Klein, Ehrenfest, 1970, Chap. 8.

  104. 104.

    To Lorentz, April 24, 1912. RANH, Lorentz, inv.nr. 74. Also in ASWB I; Ehrenfest had lectured at the Sohncke colloquium on February 5, 1912. Münchener Physikalisches Mittwochskolloquium, DMA, 1997–5115.

  105. 105.

    To Lorentz, December 12, 1906. RANH, Lorentz, inv.nr. 74. Also in ASWB I.

  106. 106.

    Ewald, The Setting for the Discovery of X-Ray Diffraction By Crystals, notes for a lecture delivered at the First Plenary Session of the International Union of Crystallography, August 2, 1948. pp. 21–22. DMA, NL 89, 027.

  107. 107.

    To W. Wien, May 13, 1905. DMA, NL 56, 010. Also in ASWB I.

  108. 108.

    Kuhn, Black-Body Theory, 1978. Darrigol, Disagreement, 2001; Seth, Quantum Theory, 2004.

  109. 109.

    To W. Wien, April 21, 1909. DMA, NL 56, 010. Also in ASWB I.

  110. 110.

    Lecture notes in DMA, NL 89, 028; Seth, Quantum Theory, 2004.

  111. 111.

    To Stark, October 10, 1908. SBPK, Stark. Also in ASWB I; Hermann, Diskussion, 1967; Hermann, Frühgeschichte, 1969.

  112. 112.

    From W. Wien, June 15, 1908. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,369. Also in ASWB I.

  113. 113.

    To W. Wien, June 20, 1908. DMA, NL 56, 010. Also in ASWB I

  114. 114.

    To Lorentz, 9. Januar 1910. RANH, Lorentz, inv.nr. 74. Auch in ASWB I

  115. 115.

    Sommerfeld, Verteilung, 1909.

  116. 116.

    From Einstein, January 19, 1910. DMA, NL 89, 007. Also in ASWB I.

  117. 117.

    To Stark, December 4, 1909. SBPK, Stark. Also in ASWB I; Hermann, Diskussion, 1967

  118. 118.

    Literally, “braking radiation,” or “deceleration radiation,” conventionally left in its original German, “Bremsstrahlung”.

  119. 119.

    Sommerfeld, Verteilung, 1909, p. 970.

  120. 120.

    From Einstein, January 19, 1910. DMA, NL 89, 007. Also in ASWB I.

  121. 121.

    Klein, Einstein, 1964.

  122. 122.

    To Johanna, August 25, 1910.

  123. 123.

    Renn, Einstein’s Annalen Papers, 2005, p. 357.

  124. 124.

    Schweidler, Entscheidung, 1910; Wheaton, Tiger, 1983, pp. 147–150.

  125. 125.

    Sommerfeld, Struktur, 1911, pp. 24–25.

  126. 126.

    Sommerfeld, Greensche Funktion, 1910.

  127. 127.

    To Karl Theodor von Heigel, December 3, 1910. Archive of the Bavarian Academy of, Proceedings, vol. 103.

  128. 128.

    Wheaton, Tiger, 1983, pp. 150–167.

  129. 129.

    To Johanna, March 20, 1911.

  130. 130.

    From Planck, April 6, 1911. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,263. Also in ASWB I. On Planck‘s “second theory,” see Kuhn, Black-Body Theory, 1978, Chap. 10.

  131. 131.

    To the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, July 1, 1911. Archive of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, personnel folder Planck.

  132. 132.

    From Planck, July 29, 1911. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,263. Also in ASWB I.

  133. 133.

    From W. H. Bragg, May 17, 1911. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,37. Also in ASWB I.

  134. 134.

    From W. H. Bragg, July 7, 1911. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,37. Also in ASWB I.

  135. 135.

    To Kleiner, April 3, 1912.ETH, HS 412.Also in ASWB I.

  136. 136.

    Ernest Solvay to Henri Poincaré, June 15, 1911. http://www.univnancy2.fr/poincare/chp/text/solvay1.xml. (5 October 2012). Mehra, The Solvay Conferences, 1975, pp. 3–11; Barkan, Witches’ Sabbath, 1993; Schirrmacher, Konzil, 2012.

  137. 137.

    To Solvay, June 28, 1911. Brüssel, Solvay-Archiv, Sommerfeld.

  138. 138.

    Sommerfeld, Wirkungsquantum, 1911a.

  139. 139.

    Sommerfeld, Wirkungsquantum, 1911b, pp. 1068–1069.

  140. 140.

    To Johanna, September 27, 1911.

  141. 141.

    From Haber, October 4, 1911. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,126.

  142. 142.

    To Johanna, October 31, 1911.

  143. 143.

    Langevin/de Broglie, Théorie du Rayonnement, 1912; Eucken, Theorie der Strahlung, 1914.

  144. 144.

    Sommerfeld, Application, 1912; Sommerfeld, Bedeutung des Wirkungsquantums, 1914.

  145. 145.

    Sommerfeld, Bedeutung des Wirkungsquantums, 1914, p. 253.

  146. 146.

    To Johanna, September 28, 1911.

  147. 147.

    Wheaton, Tiger, 1983, pp. 160–163.

  148. 148.

    Sommerfeld, Bedeutung des Wirkungsquantums, 1914, p. 301.

  149. 149.

    Ibid., p. 266.

  150. 150.

    To W. Wien, November 12, 1911. DMA, NL 56, 010. Also in ASWB I.

  151. 151.

    To Johanna, July 22, 1911.

  152. 152.

    “Da hilft nun weiter kein Bemühn,/Sinds Rosen nun sie werden blühn.” From Epigrams, “Kommt Zeit, Kommt Rat.”

  153. 153.

    To Lorentz, February 25, 1912. RANH, Lorentz, inv.nr. 74. Also in ASWB I.

  154. 154.

    From Pohl, April 29, 1912. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,265. Pohl, Physik, 1912, p. 9.

  155. 155.

    To Pohl, May 1, 1912. Personal estate in the possession of Dr. Robert Pohl.

  156. 156.

    Pohl, Physik, 1912, pp. 23–37.

  157. 157.

    Sommerfeld, Beugung, 1912, pp. 474 & 506.

  158. 158.

    From Knipping, Koch, Laue, and Lenz, March 9, 1912. DMA, NL 89, 016, folder 1,4.

  159. 159.

    Friedrich, Knipping, and Laue to the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, May 4, 1912. DMA, HS.

  160. 160.

    Laue, Auffindung, 1920.

  161. 161.

    To the Philosophical Faculty, Section 2, 16. February 16, 1912. UA, OC I 38p

  162. 162.

    Laue, Wellenoptik, 1915.

  163. 163.

    Münchener Physikalisches Mittwochskolloquium, DMA, 1997–5115.

  164. 164.

    Laue, Auffindung, 1920. (http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1914/laue-lecture.pdf (30 January 2013): “the acknowledged masters of our science, to whom I had the opportunity of submitting it, entertained certain doubts about this viewpoint. A certain amount of diplomacy was necessary before Friedrich and Knipping were finally permitted to carry out the experiment according to my plan…”).

  165. 165.

    Forman, Discovery, 1969; Ewald, Myth, 1969; Eckert, Disputed Discovery, 2012.

  166. 166.

    From Debye, May 13, 1912. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,61.

  167. 167.

    To W. Wien, February 10, 1916. DMA, NL 56, 010. Also in ASWB I.

  168. 168.

    Ioffe, Begegnungen, 1967, p. 40.

  169. 169.

    To Hilbert, April 10, 1912. SUB, Cod. Ms. D. Hilbert 379 A

  170. 170.

    To Johanna, April 21, 1912.

  171. 171.

    Transcript of the meeting of May 4, 1912, DMA, HS 1951-5; also in Forman, Discovery, 1969, p. 66.

  172. 172.

    To Ehrenfest, May12, 1912. AHQP/Ehr (25). Also in ASWB I.

  173. 173.

    To Kleiner, Ma13, 1912. ETH, HS 412. From Kleiner, June, 1912. DMA, HS 1977-28/A, 171. Also in ASWB I.

  174. 174.

    To Schwarzschild, undated [early July, 1912]. SUB, Schwarzschild 743.

  175. 175.

    To Johanna, July20, 1912

  176. 176.

    To Langevin, undated (presumably August/September, 1912). ESPC, Langevin.

  177. 177.

    Friedrich/Knipping/Laue, Interferenzerscheinungen, 1912, 319–320.

  178. 178.

    Heilbron, Moseley, 1974, pp. 194–195.

  179. 179.

    Wheaton, Tiger, 1983, pp. 208–212; Jenkin, Partnership, 2001, p. 381.

  180. 180.

    Wulff, Kristallröntgenogramme, 1913.

  181. 181.

    From Wulff, January 16, 1913.DMA, HS 1977-28/A,377.

  182. 182.

    Laue, Prüfung, 1913, p. 1000.

  183. 183.

    Sommerfeld, Anschauungen, 1913, p. 706.

  184. 184.

    Sommerfeld, Institut, 1926.

  185. 185.

    Ewald, Bericht, 1913.

  186. 186.

    Laue, Röntgenstrahlinterferenzen,1913; Friedrich, Röntgenstrahlinterferenzen, 1913.

  187. 187.

    Sommerfeld, Photogrammes, 1921, p. 125. (“brillants travaux experimentaux de M. W. H. Bragg et les magnifiques recherches théoriques de son fils W. L. Bragg”.); see also Ewald, Intensität, 1914.

  188. 188.

    An Johanna, April 4, 1913.

  189. 189.

    To the Solvay-Foundation, January 14, 1913. ESPC, Langevin.

  190. 190.

    To Johanna, October 25, 1913.

  191. 191.

    To Johanna, late October, 1913.

  192. 192.

    To Langevin, June 1, 1914. ESPC, Langevin, L 76/53.

  193. 193.

    Radkau, Zeitalter, 1998.

  194. 194.

    To Hilbert, April 28, 1908. SUB, Cod. Ms. D. Hilbert 379 A.

  195. 195.

    To Johanna, March 24, 1914.

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Eckert, M. (2013). Munich. In: Arnold Sommerfeld. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7461-6_6

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