Skip to main content

Cultural Ambassador

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 1169 Accesses

Abstract

“When I travel abroad I feel I am not merely a private individual and globetrotter, but an ambassador of German culture in the realm of science.” Thus Sommerfeld began his lecture on December 8, 1928, in Tokyo. Tokyo was one of many stops on an 8-month world tour on which Sommerfeld carried out this self-imposed cultural mission. The idea of a world tour occurred to him after the Volta Congress in September 1927 when Millikan proposed a split guest professorship that would take him to the University of Chicago and the California Institute of Technology for the winter semester of 1928/1929. Though that plan fell through, Millikan wanted at least to bring Sommerfeld to Cal Tech: “pasadena [sic] wants you definitely winter quarter twenty-nine,” he telegraphed to Munich. After brief deliberation, Sommerfeld accepted the invitation and announced that this time he would travel to America from the east, across the Pacific. He may have been giving himself an unusual present on the occasion of his 60th birthday, which he would celebrate somewhere in Japan on December 5, 1928. Or, was he perhaps dodging festivities threatening him at home on this day? Bethe believed that “A major motivation for this trip was that he did not want to be in Munich on his 60th birthday.”

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Sommerfeld, Entwicklung, 1929b.

  2. 2.

    From Millikan, October 22, 1927. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,232.

  3. 3.

    From Millikan, November 25, 1927. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,232.

  4. 4.

    From Millikan, February 6, 1928. DMA, NL 89, 011. Also in ASWB II.

  5. 5.

    Preface to Eckert/Pricha/Schubert/Torkar, Geheimrat, 1984, p. 9.

  6. 6.

    From Raman, February 11, 1928. DMA, NL 89, 024, folder India.

  7. 7.

    To Raman, February 28, 1928. DMA, NL 89, 024, folder India.

  8. 8.

    From Takamine, March 19, 1928. DMA, NL 89, 019, folder 4,3. Also in ASWB II.

  9. 9.

    To the Notgemeinschaft, May 1, 1928. DMA, NL 89, 020, folder 6,6.

  10. 10.

    To the University of Munich, March 2, 1928. UAM, E-II-N.

  11. 11.

    Von Cabrera, 7. August 1928. DMA, NL 89, 006. Also in ASWB II.

  12. 12.

    Szöllösi-Janze, Fritz Haber, 1998, pp. 588–590; generally on this topic, see Forman, Internationalism, 1973; Schröder-Gudehus, Wissenschaftsbeziehungen, 1990.

  13. 13.

    To Cabrera, August 11, 1928. DMA, NL 89, 001. Also in ASWB II.

  14. 14.

    Greenaway, Science International, 1996.

  15. 15.

    Journal of the world tour.

  16. 16.

    To Johanna, September 1, 1928.

  17. 17.

    To Johanna, September 5, 1928.

  18. 18.

    Ibid.

  19. 19.

    Journal of the world tour.

  20. 20.

    To Johanna, September 12, 1928.

  21. 21.

    Bechert to Johanna Sommerfeld, September 13, 1928.

  22. 22.

    To Johanna, September 18, 1928.

  23. 23.

    Journal of the world tour.

  24. 24.

    To Johanna, September 27, 1928.

  25. 25.

    From Wieland, September 10, 1928. DMA, NL 89, 019, folder 5,10. Also in ASWB II.

  26. 26.

    To Johanna, October 3, 1928.

  27. 27.

    To Johanna, October 10, 1928.

  28. 28.

    To Johanna, October 3, 1928.

  29. 29.

    Journal of the world tour.

  30. 30.

    Cited in Singh, Arnold Sommerfeld, 2001, p. 1491; Torkar, Meeting, 1986.

  31. 31.

    Singh/Riess, Seventy Years, 1998.

  32. 32.

    To Johanna, October 18, 1928.

  33. 33.

    Journal of the world tour.

  34. 34.

    Ibid.

  35. 35.

    From Tagore, October 15, 1928. DMA, NL 89, 024, folder Indien.

  36. 36.

    To Johanna, October 22, 1928.

  37. 37.

    Journal of the world tour.

  38. 38.

    To Johanna, October 29, 1928.

  39. 39.

    To Johanna, November 3, 1928.

  40. 40.

    To Johanna, November 12, 1928; Journal of the world tour.

  41. 41.

    An Johanna, November 15, 1928.

  42. 42.

    Journal of the world tour.

  43. 43.

    To Johanna, November 22, 1928.

  44. 44.

    From Herbert Chatley, August 16, 1928. DMA, NL 89, 019, folder 4,3.

  45. 45.

    From Fritz August Thiel, November 13, 1928. DMA, NL 89, 021, folder 9,6.

  46. 46.

    Bieg-Brentzel, Tongji-Universität, 1984; Steen, Beziehungen, 2006.

  47. 47.

    To Johanna, December 1, 1928.

  48. 48.

    Journal of the world tour.

  49. 49.

    Sommerfeld, Entwicklung, 1929a.

  50. 50.

    From Wilkens, October 31, 1928, and November 15, 1928, with the draft of a reply from Sommerfeld, DMA, NL 89, 019, folder 5,10.

  51. 51.

    To Johanna, December 1, 1928.

  52. 52.

    To Johanna, December 4, 1928; Ozawa, Aufenthalt, 2005.

  53. 53.

    To Johanna, December 24, 1928.

  54. 54.

    To Johanna, December 4, 1928.

  55. 55.

    Ozawa, Aufenthalt, 2005, p. 51. I gratefully acknowledge Michiyo Nakane for her transmission of Sugiura’s Japanese translation of the texts of these lectures.

  56. 56.

    To Johanna, December 24, 1928.

  57. 57.

    Sommerfeld, Entwicklung, 1929b.

  58. 58.

    To Johanna, December 21, 1928.

  59. 59.

    Ozawa, Aufenthalt, 2005, p. 52.

  60. 60.

    Journal of the world tour.

  61. 61.

    To Wieland, December 13, 1928. DMA, NL 57.

  62. 62.

    Cited in Ozawa, Aufenthalt, 2005, p. 55.

  63. 63.

    Ibid.

  64. 64.

    Journal of the world tour.

  65. 65.

    Ibid.

  66. 66.

    To Johanna, December 24, 1928.

  67. 67.

    To Johanna, December 25, 1928.

  68. 68.

    Journal of the world tour.

  69. 69.

    Sommerfeld, Reiseeindrücke, 1929.

  70. 70.

    Journal of the world tour.

  71. 71.

    To Johanna, December 25, 1928.

  72. 72.

    To Margarethe, undated [around December 27, 1928].

  73. 73.

    To Johanna, January 13, 1929.

  74. 74.

    To Rubinowicz, January 15, 1929.

  75. 75.

    To Johanna, January 20, 1929. Debye, Probleme, 1929.

  76. 76.

    From Debye, 21. December 21, 1928. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,61. Also in ASWB II.

  77. 77.

    From Wieland, January 19, 1929. DMA, NL 89, 019, folder 5,10.

  78. 78.

    To Johanna, January 27, 1929.

  79. 79.

    From Franck, February 5, 1929. DMA, NL 89, 019, folder 5,10.

  80. 80.

    Form Stark, January 30, 1929. DMA, NL 89, 019, folder 5,10. Also in ASWB II.

  81. 81.

    To Stark, February 18, 1929. DMA, NL 89, 019, folder 5,10. Also in ASWB II.

  82. 82.

    To Johanna, February 17, 1929.

  83. 83.

    To Johanna, March 3, 1929.

  84. 84.

    From Johanna, March 21, 1929.

  85. 85.

    To Johanna, February 10, 1929.

  86. 86.

    To Johanna, February 24, 1929.

  87. 87.

    To Johanna, January 20, 1929.

  88. 88.

    To Johanna, February 3, 1929.

  89. 89.

    From Schrödinger, January 29, 1929. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,314. Also in Meyenn, Entdeckung, pp. 462–464.

  90. 90.

    To Johanna, February 17, 1929.

  91. 91.

    To Johanna, February 3 and March 10, 1929.

  92. 92.

    To Johanna, February 10, 1929.

  93. 93.

    To Johanna, January 27 and February 3, 1929.

  94. 94.

    To Johanna, March 15, 1929.

  95. 95.

    To Grimm, March 16, 1929. DMA, HS 1978-12B/172.

  96. 96.

    To Johanna, March 23, 1929.

  97. 97.

    From A. H. Compton, May 4, 1928. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,54.

  98. 98.

    Rechenberg, Werner Heisenberg, 2010, p. 631; Heisenberg, Prinzipien, 1930, pp. V–VI; from Heisenberg, March 28, 1929. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,136.

  99. 99.

    To Johanna, March 29, 1929.

  100. 100.

    To Johanna, April 7, 1929.

  101. 101.

    To Johanna, April 15, 1929. Conant, Tuxedo Park, 2002; on Anschütz-Kämpfe, see Broelmann, Intuition, Chap. 4.3.

  102. 102.

    From Loomis, with the draft of a reply from Sommerfeld, February 11, 1929. DMA, NL 89, 019, folder 4,4.

  103. 103.

    To Johanna, March 10, 1929.

  104. 104.

    Kulenkampff, Untersuchungen, 1928, p. 629.

  105. 105.

    Sommerfeld, Production, 1929a and 1929b.

  106. 106.

    Kramers, Theory of X-ray Absorption, 1923; Wentzel, Quantentheorie des Röntgenbremsspektrums, 1924.

  107. 107.

    Journal of the world tour.

  108. 108.

    Sommerfeld, Production, 1929b.

  109. 109.

    Sommerfeld, Beugung, 1931.

  110. 110.

    From Millikan, April 24, 1929. DMA, NL 89, 020, folder 6,3.

  111. 111.

    To Millikan, April 25, 1929. Millikan Papers, Pasadena, Archives of the California Institute of Technology, 42.17.

  112. 112.

    From Nagaoka, May 3, 1929. DMA, NL 89, 019, folder 4,3. Also in ASWB II. The letter continues, “We are ever anxious to reap rich harvest of science in the Far East by tightening the band of connexion between the scientific circles of Germany and Japan in course of time. I must call for your help in fulfilling this ardent desire.”

  113. 113.

    Sommerfeld, Reiseeindrücke, 1929.

  114. 114.

    Sommerfeld, Physik in Japan, 1929.

  115. 115.

    Sommerfeld, Bericht, 1929; Rohmer, Zwanglose Gesellschaft, 1937.

  116. 116.

    Chroniken der Gesellschaft der Zwanglosen, 1924–1931, here, p. 152. BSB, manuscripts, Cgm. 8026(13a.

  117. 117.

    To the University of Tübingen, June 11, 1929. DMA, NL 89, 030, folder Gutachten.

  118. 118.

    From Debye, June 21, 1929. DMA, NL 89, 007. “. . .über die Abwendung der starken Gefahr” involves an untranslatable pun on Stark’s name. “Stark” means “strong” in English.

  119. 119.

    Stöltzner/Uebel, Wiener Kreis, 2006, pp. X–XV.

  120. 120.

    Sommerfeld, Bemerkungen, 1929.

  121. 121.

    Sommerfeld, Elektronentheorie, 1930.

  122. 122.

    Sommerfeld, Anschaulichkeit, 1930.

  123. 123.

    To Schlick, October 17, 1932. DMA, NL 89, 025. Friedl/Rutte, Moritz Schlick, 2007, pp. 317–319.

  124. 124.

    Kleinert, Axialität, 2002.

  125. 125.

    Stark, Axialität, 1930, p. 717.

  126. 126.

    Ibid., pp. 718–721.

  127. 127.

    To Ronald Fraser, May 13, 1930. DMA, NL 89, 001.

  128. 128.

    Sommerfeld, Anschaulichkeit, 1930a, p. 165.

  129. 129.

    Stark, Dogmatismus, 1930.

  130. 130.

    Stark, Axialität, 1930, p. 677.

  131. 131.

    From Grüneisen, October 4, 1930. DMA, NL 89, 024, folder, Starkiana.

  132. 132.

    To Grüneisen, October 9, 1930. DMA, NL 89, 024, folder, Starkiana.

  133. 133.

    Sommerfeld, Erwiderung, 1930.

  134. 134.

    From Joos, November 20, 1930. DMA, NL 89, 024, folder, Starkiana.

  135. 135.

    From Born, November 13, 1930. DMA, NL 89, 024, folder Starkiana.

  136. 136.

    From Stodola, December 14, 1930. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,331.

  137. 137.

    To Rubinowicz, August 14, 1930.

  138. 138.

    To Rubinowicz, September 18, 1930.

  139. 139.

    Sommerfeld, Magnetismus, 1932.

  140. 140.

    To Pauli, June 24, 1930. DMA, NL 89, 003. Also in ASWB II.

  141. 141.

    To Vieweg, October 17, 1930. Wiesbaden, Vieweg-Archive, Sommerfeld.

  142. 142.

    Sommerfeld, Problèmes, 1931.

  143. 143.

    To Johanna, April 21, 1931.

  144. 144.

    To Johanna, April 25, 1931.

  145. 145.

    To Herzfeld, July 25, 1929. DMA, NL 89, 002. Also in ASWB II.

  146. 146.

    Schweber, Empiricist Temper, 1986, pp. 78–79.

  147. 147.

    To Pauli, June 24, 1930. DMA, NL 89, 003. Also in ASWB II.

  148. 148.

    To the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Munich, January 14, 1931. UAM, E-II-N.

  149. 149.

    From Millikan, February 7, 1931. DMA, NL 89, 011; to Millikan, February 25, 1931. DMA, NL 89, 025.

  150. 150.

    To Johanna, June 19, 1931.

  151. 151.

    To Johanna, June 30, and July 1, 1931.

  152. 152.

    To Johanna, July 8, 1931.

  153. 153.

    To Johanna, July 12, 1931.

  154. 154.

    To Johanna, July 8, 1931.

  155. 155.

    Behrendt, Hans Nawiasky, 2006.

  156. 156.

    To Johanna, July 24, 1931.

  157. 157.

    To Johanna, July 30, 1931.

  158. 158.

    To Johanna, August 19,1931.

  159. 159.

    Cited in WPWB 2, p. 84.

  160. 160.

    To Johanna, August 19, 1931.

  161. 161.

    Symposium on Theoretical Physics and Courses in Physics. Summer Session, 1931, June 29 to August 21. University of Michigan Official Publication, Vol. XXXII, Nr. 54, April 4, 1931, p. 9.

  162. 162.

    Brattain to Goudsmit, December 15, 1955. Quoted in Schweber, Empiricist Temper, 1986, p. 78.

  163. 163.

    From Frank, January 28, 1929; to Frank, February 8, 1929. DMA, NL 89, 022, folder 9,35; to Frank, November 27, 1930. DMA, NL 89, 001; from Frank, December 15, 1930. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,101. Sommerfeld/Frank, Statistical Theory, 1931.

  164. 164.

    Allis/Morse, Theorie der Streuung, 1931.

  165. 165.

    Sommerfeld, Theorie des Ramsauer-Effektes, 1931.

  166. 166.

    To Marx, October 19, 1929. DMA, NL 89, 003.

  167. 167.

    From Pauli, May 16, 1929. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,254. Also in ASWB II.

  168. 168.

    From Smekal, April 17, 1931. DMA, NL 89, 013. Also in ASWB II.

  169. 169.

    To Bethe, April 18, 1931. DMA, NL 89, 013. Also in ASWB II.

  170. 170.

    From Bethe, April 25, 1931. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,19. Also in ASWB II.

  171. 171.

    From Bethe, May 30, 1931. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,19. Also in ASWB II.

  172. 172.

    From Bethe, April 20, 1932. DMA, HS 1977-28/A,19. Also in ASWB II.

  173. 173.

    Bethe, Quantenmechanik, 1933.

  174. 174.

    Sommerfeld/Bethe, Elektronentheorie der Metalle, 1933.

  175. 175.

    From Smekal, November 28, 1933. DMA, NL 89, 013.

  176. 176.

    Peierls, Elektronentheorie, 1932; Nordheim, Statistische und kinetische Theorie, 1934; Nordheim, Quantentheorie, 1934.

  177. 177.

    Vote on the dissertation of Herbert Fröhlich to the Philosophical Faculty, 2nd section, July 22, 1930. UAM, OC-Np-1930. Fröhlich, Photoeffekt, 1930.

  178. 178.

    Fröhlich, Elektronentheorie, 1936.

  179. 179.

    Sommerfeld, Beugung, 1931.

  180. 180.

    Vote on the dissertation of Otto Scherzer to the Philosophical Faculty, 2. Sektion, November 27, 1931. UAM, OC-Np-1931/32. Scherzer, Ausstrahlung, 1932.

  181. 181.

    Vote on the dissertation of August Wilhelm Maue to the Philosophical Faculty, 2. Sektion, November 27, 1931. UAM, OC-Np-1931/32. Maue, Röntgenspektrum, 1932.

  182. 182.

    Hoddeson/Baym/Eckert, Development, 1987; Eckert, Sommerfeld, 1990.

  183. 183.

    Eckert, Atomphysiker, 1993, Chaps. 6 and 7.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Eckert, M. (2013). Cultural Ambassador. In: Arnold Sommerfeld. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7461-6_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics