Skip to main content

Bulk and Structure Modification of Polymers

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Gas Sensor Materials

Part of the book series: Integrated Analytical Systems ((ANASYS))

Abstract

Most polymeric materials used in gas sensors are not a single polymer, and they contain chemicals that modify some physical and/or chemical behavior. These additives such as solvents (porogens), cross-linkers, initiators and plasticizer are being generally added to modify properties, assist in processing, and introduce new properties to a material. Some of these additives are present in minute amounts, while others are major amounts of the overall composition. Present chapter describes these additives and analyzes their role in achievement required properties of polymers designed for applications in gas sensors. Approaches to polymer functionalizing via various methods of polymer doping and grafting are also discussed. Chapter includes 6 figures, 5 Tables and 73 references.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alexander C, Andersson HS, Andersson LI, Ansell RJ, Kirsch N, Nicholls IA, O’Mahony J, Whitcombe MJ (2006) Molecular imprinting science and technology: a survey of the literature for the years up to and including 2003. J Mol Recognit 19:106–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anitha G, Subramanian E (2003) Dopant induced specificity in sensor behaviour of conducting polyaniline materials with organic solvents. Sens Actuators B Chem 92:49–59

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anke Nabe A, Staude E, Belfort G (1997) Surface modification of polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes and fouling by BSA solutions. J Membr Sci 133:57–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apostolidis A (2004) Combinatorial approach for development of optical gas sensors: concept and application of high-throughput experimentation. PhD thesis, University of Regensburg, Regensburg

    Google Scholar 

  • Bai H, Shi G (2007) Gas sensors based on conducting polymers. Sensors 7:267–307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belfer S, Fainchtain R, Purinson Y, Kedem O (2000) Surface characterization by FTIR-ATR spectroscopy of polyethersulfone membranes - unmodified, modified and protein fouled. J Membr Sci 172:113–124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergmann NM, Peppas NA (2008) Molecularly imprinted polymers with specific recognition for macromolecules and proteins. Prog Polym Sci 33:271–288

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breitbach L, Hinke E, Staude E (1991) Heterogeneous functionalizing of polysulfone membranes. Angew Makromol Chem 184:183–196

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brie M, Turcu R, Neamtu C, Pruneanu S (1996) The effect of initial conductivity and doping anions on gas sensitivity of conducting polypyrrole films to NH3. Sens Actuators B Chem 37:119–122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carraher CE Jr (2008) Polymer chemistry. Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL

    Google Scholar 

  • Chabukswar VV, Pethkar S, Athawale AA (2001) Acrylic acid doped polyaniline as an ammonia sensor. Sens Actuators B Chem 77:657–663

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan C-M (1994) Polymer surface modification and characterization. Hanser, Munich

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen YJ, Kang ET, Neoh KG, Tan KL (2001) Oxidative graft polymerization of aniline on modified Si(100) surface. Macromolecules 34:3133–3141

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen SG, Hu JW, Zhang MQ, Rong MZ, Zheng Q (2006) Improvement of gas sensing performance of carbon black/waterborne polyurethane composites: effect of crosslinking treatment. Sens Actuators B Chem 113:361–369

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiang JC, Macdiarmid AG (1986) ‘Polyaniline’: protonic acid doping of the emeraldine from to the metallic regime. Synth Met 13:193–205

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiang CK, Fincher CR Jr, Park YW, Heeger AJ, Shirakawa H, Louis EJ, MacDiarmid AG (1977) Electrical conductivity in doped polyacetylene. Phys Rev Lett 39:1098–1101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cormack PAG, Elorza AZ (2004) Molecularly imprinted polymers: synthesis and characterisation. J Chromatogr B 804:173–182

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cui XY, Martin DC (2003) Fuzzy gold electrodes for lowering impedance and improving adhesion with electrodeposited conducting polymer films. Sens Actuators A Phys 103:384–394

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Czech Z, Butwin A, Herko E, Hefczyc B, Zawadiak J (2008) Novel azo-peresters radical initiators used for the synthesis of acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives. eXPRESS Polym Lett 2(4):277–283

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Leeuw DM, Simenon MMJ, Brown AR, Einerhand REE (1997) Stability of n-type doped conducting polymers and consequences for polymeric microelectronic devices. Synth Met 87:53–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Souza JEG, dos Santos FL, Barros-Neto B, dos Santos CG, de Melo CP (2001) Polypyrrole thin films gas sensors. Synth Met 119:383–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garbassi F, Morra M, Occhiello E (1994) Polymer surfaces. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Geng L, Wang SR, Zhao YQ, Li P, Zhang SM, Huang WP, Wu SH (2006) Study of the primary sensitivity of polypyrrole/r-Fe2O3 to toxic gases. Mater Chem Phys 99:15–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gopal R, Zuwei M, Kaur S, Ramakrishna S (2007) Surface modification and application of functionalized polymer nanofibers. In: Mansoori GA, George TF, Assoufid L, Zhang G (eds) Molecular building blocks for nanotechnology: from diamondoids to nanoscale materials and applications. Springer, Berlin, pp 72–91

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Guernion N, Costello BPJD, Ratcliffe NM (2002) The synthesis of 3-octadecyl- and 3-docosylpyrrole, their polymerisation and incorporation into novel composite gas sensitive resistors. Synth Met 128:139–147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guiver MD, Apsimon JW (1988) The modification of polysulfone by metalation. J Polym Sci C Polym Lett 26:123–127

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hart BR, Shea KJ (2001) Synthetic peptide receptors: molecularly imprinted polymers for the recognition of peptides using peptide-metal interactions. J Am Chem Soc 123:2072–2073

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman AS (1996) Surface modification of polymers: physical, chemical, mechanical and biological methods. Macromol Symp 101:443–454

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hong KH, Oh KW, Kang TJ (2004) Polyaniline-nylon 6 composite fabric for ammonia gas sensor. J Appl Polym Sci 92:37–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain S, Chakane S, Samui AB, Krishnamurthy VN, Bhoraskar SV (2003) Humidity sensing with weak acid-doped polyaniline and its composites. Sens Actuators B Chem 96:124–129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jun HK, Hoh YS, Lee BS, Lee ST, Lim JO, Lee DD, Huh JS (2003) Electrical properties of polypyrrole gas sensors fabricated under various pretreatment conditions. Sens Actuators B Chem 96:576–581

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanatzidis MG (1990) Polymeric electrical conductors. Chem Eng News 1990(December):36–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kang ET, Zhang Y (2000) Surface modification of fluoropolymers via molecular design. Adv Mater 12:1481–1494

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kato K, Uchida E, Kang E-T, Uyama Y, Ikada Y (2003) Polymer surface with graft chains. Prog Polym Sci 28:209–259

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawai T, Kojima S, Tanaka F, Yoshino K (1998) Electrical property of poly(3-octyloxythiophene) and its gas sensor application. Jpn J Appl Phys Pt 1 37:6237–6241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kempe M, Mosbach K (1995) Receptor binding mimetics: a novel molecularly imprinted polymer receptor. Tetrahedron Lett 36:3563–3566

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kukla AL, Pavluchenko AS, Shirshov YM, Konoshchuk NV, Posudievsky OY (2009) Application of sensor arrays based on thin films of conducting polymers for chemical recognition of volatile organic solvents. Sens Actuators B Chem 135:541–551

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar D, Sharma RC (1998) Advances in conductive polymers. Eur Polym J 34(8):1053–1060

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li B, Sauve G, Iovu MC, Jeffries-El M, Zhang R, Cooper J, Santhanam S, Schultz L, Revelli JC, Kusne AG, Kowalewski T, Snyder JL, Weiss LE, Fedder GK, McCullough RD, Lambeth DN (2006) Volatile organic compound detection using nanostructured copolymers. Nano Lett 6:1598–1602

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacDiarmid AG (2001) “Synthetic metals”: a novel role for organic polymers. Curr Appl Phys 1:269–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macdiarmid AG, Chiang JC, Richter AF, Epstein AJ (1987) Polyaniline: a new concept in conducting polymers. Synth Met 18:285–290

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manesiotis P, Hall AJ, Courtois J, Irgum K, Sellergren B (2005) An artificial riboflavin receptor prepared by a template analogue imprinting strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed 44:3902–3906

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuguchi M, Tarnai K, Sakai Y (2001) SO2 gas sensors using polymers with different amino groups. Sens Actuators B Chem 77:363–367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuguchi M, Sakurada K, Sakai Y (2003) Effect of crosslinked structure on SO2 gas sorption properties in amino-functional copolymers. J Appl Polymer Sci 88:2982–2987

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuguchi M, Kadowaki Y, Tanaka M (2005) A QCM-based NO2 gas detector using morpholine-functional cross-linked copolymer coatings. Sens Actuators B Chem 108:572–575

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michael D, Guiver MD, Kutowy O, Apsimon JW (1989) Functional group polysulphones by bromination–metalation. Polymer 30:1137–1142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moad G, Solomon DH (1995) The chemistry of free radical polymerization. Elsevier Science, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Nady N, Franssen MCR, Zuilhof H, Mohy Eldin MS, Boom R, Schroën K (2001) Modification methods for poly(arylsulfone) membranes: a mini-review focusing on surface modification. Desalination 275:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamatsu KJ, Delgado-Aparicio VLF (1997) Modificacion de superficies de polymeros con plasma. Rev Plasticos Mod 74:262–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Nalwa HS (1997) Handbook of organic conductive materials and polymers. Wiley, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Napo K, Safoula G, Bernede JC, D’Almeida K, Touirhi S, Alimi K, Barreau A (1999) Influence of the iodine doping process on the properties of organic and inorganic polymer thin films. Polym Degrad Stab 66:257–262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicho ME, Trejo M, Garcia-Valenzuela A, Saniger JM, Palacios J, Hu H (2001) Polyaniline composite coatings interrogated by a nulling optical-transmittance bridge for sensing low concentrations of ammonia gas. Sens Actuators B Chem 76:18–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odian G (2004) Principles of polymerization. Wiley Interscience, Hoboken, NJ

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pabin-Szafko B, Wisniewska E, Szafko J (2005) Functional azo-initiators—synthesis and molecular characteristics. Polimery 50:271–278

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pichon V, Chapuis-Hugon F (2008) Role of molecularly imprinted polymers for selective determination of environmental pollutants—a review. Anal Chim Acta 622:48–61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rana D, Matsuura T (2010) Surface modifications for antifouling membranes. Chem Rev 110:2448–2471

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ranby B (1999) Surface modification and lamination of polymers by photografting. Int J Adh Adhes 19:337–343

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy AVR, Trivedi JJ, Devmurari CV, Mohan DJ, Singh P, Rao AP, Joshi SV, Ghosh PK (2005) Fouling resistant membranes in desalination and water recovery. Desalination 183:301–306

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruangchuay L, Sirivat A, Schwank J (2004) Electrical conductivity response of polypyrrole to acetone vapor: effect of dopant anions and interaction mechanisms. Synth Met 140:15–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Safoula G, Touihri S, Bernede JC, Jamali M, Rabiller C, Molinie P, Napo K (1999) Properties of the complex salt obtained by doping the poly(N-vinylcarbazole) with bromine. Polymer 40:531–539

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Safoula G, Napo K, Bernede JC, Touihri S, Alimi K (2001) Electrical conductivity of halogen doped poly-(N-vinylcarbazole) thin films. Eur Polym J 37:843–849

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sellergren B, Schillinger E, Lanza F (2009) Experimental combinatorial methods in molecular imprinting. In: Potyrailo RA, Mirsky VM (eds) Combinatorial methods for chemical and biological sensors. Springer Science+Business Media, New York, NY, pp 173–200

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Skotheim TA (1986) Handbook of conducting polymers, vols 1 and 2. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Torsi L, Tanese MC, Cioffi N, Gallazzi MC, Sabbatini L, Zambonin PG, Raos G, Meille SV, Giangregorio MM (2003) Side-chain role in chemically sensing conducting polymer field effect transistors. J Phys Chem B 107:7589–7594

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tyszler D, Zytner RG, Batsch A, Brugger A, Geissler S, Zhou H, Klee D, Melin T (2006) Reduced fouling tendencies of ultrafiltration membranes in wastewater treatment by plasma modification. Desalination 189:119–129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uchida E, Ikada Y (1996) Surface modification of polymers by UV-induced graft polymerization. Curr Trends Polym Sci 1:135–146

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ulbricht U (2006) Advanced functional polymer membranes. Polymer 47:2217–2262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uyama Y, Kato K, Ikada Y (1998) Surface modification of polymers by grafting. Adv Polym Sci 137:1–39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Bruggen B (2009) Chemical modification of polyethersulfone nanofiltration membranes: a review. J Appl Polymer Sci 114:630–642

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van CN, Potje-Kamloth K (2001) Electrical and NOx gas sensing properties of metallophthalocyanine-doped polypyrrole/silicon heterojunctions. Thin Solid Films 392:113–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu K, Zhu LH, Li J, Tang HQ (2006) Effects of dopants on percolation behaviors and gas sensing characteristics of polyaniline film. Electrochim Acta 52:723–727

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao B, Brittain WJ (2000) Polymer brushes: surface-immobilized macromolecules. Prog Polym Sci 25:677–710

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ziemelis KE, Hussain AT, Bradley DDC, Friend RH, Rilhe J, Wegner G (1991) Optical spectroscopy of field-induced charge in poly(3-hexyl thienylene) metal-insulator-semiconductor structures: evidence for polarons. Phys Rev Lett 66:2231–2234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Korotcenkov, G. (2014). Bulk and Structure Modification of Polymers. In: Handbook of Gas Sensor Materials. Integrated Analytical Systems. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7388-6_24

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics