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Smoking and Lung Inflammation pp 99–127Cite as

The Relationship Between Oxidative Stress Responses and Lung Inflammation with Cigarette Smoking

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Abstract

Cigarette smoking represents a major world health hazard. In fact, chronic cigarette smoking is the leading risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the world's third leading cause of death and accounts for 90 % of lung cancers [1, 2]. Cigarette smoking produces adverse respiratory effects by exposing the airways and lung parenchyma to a variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other toxic compounds. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying lung and airway damage in response to cigarette smoke remain incompletely understood, ROS are believed to produce tissue injury by affecting the function and gene expression profiles of lung structural cells and inflammatory cells. In fact, cigarette smoke exposure alters the expression of >600 genes in human monocytes [3]. Specifically, ROS exert direct deleterious effects on cell structure and function by damaging protein lipid and DNA macromolecules which impair cellular function, induce apoptosis, and stimulate dysfunctional matrix remodeling in the lung in the respiratory tract. Furthermore, cigarette smoke-induced cell damage causes the release of alarmins, cytokines, chemokines and up-regulation of adhesion molecules by epithelial cells in the airway and lung which collectively serve to attract an inflammatory cell infiltrate. In addition, bacterial constituents present in cigarette smoke further shape the intensity and inflammatory response by activating PAMPs expressed by lung cells which, in turn, interact with the cell’s oxidant defense mechanisms [4, 5]. Moreover, the inflammatory process generated by the innate immune system, in turn, increases oxidant stress in the lung through the production of the superoxide ion by infiltrating neutrophils. Accordingly, the inflammatory reaction in the lung induced by oxidants in cigarette smoke has the potential to act as a positive feedback loop or self-amplifying process which exacerbates both conditions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Inflammation and Translational Lung Research (CILR), Departments of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA

    Changcheng Song Ph.D. & Steven G. Kelsen M.D.

  2. Temple University Hospital, Room 761 Parkinson Pavilion, 3401 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA

    Steven G. Kelsen M.D.

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  1. Changcheng Song Ph.D.
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  2. Steven G. Kelsen M.D.
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Correspondence to Steven G. Kelsen M.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Inflammation, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Thomas J. Rogers

  2. Department of Medicine & Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Gerard J. Criner

  3. Center for Inflammation, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    William D. Cornwell

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Song, C., Kelsen, S.G. (2013). The Relationship Between Oxidative Stress Responses and Lung Inflammation with Cigarette Smoking. In: Rogers, T., Criner, G., Cornwell, W. (eds) Smoking and Lung Inflammation. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7351-0_5

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