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Diet Quality pp 61–73Cite as

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Adults: The Impact of Diet and Other Therapeutic Interventions on Clinical and Histological Outcomes

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Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

Abstract

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is generally characterized by hepatic steatosis by imaging or histology in the absence of secondary causes for hepatic fat accumulation, such as significant alcohol consumption, hepatitis C or other chronic liver disease, hereditary disorders, or steatogenic medications. NAFLD is further subgrouped into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and simple steatosis depending on the histological presence of inflammation with hepatocellular injury in the former (NASH) and lack of hepatocyte injury in the latter. The natural history of simple steatosis is a very slow or no histological progression of simple steatosis. In contrast, NASH can exhibit rapid histological progression and ultimately develop cirrhosis [1, 2]. Accordingly, patients with NASH, but not simple steatosis, have an increased liver-related mortality. However, NAFLD patients as a group have a higher overall mortality compared to matched control populations, with cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of death both subgroups [3–8].

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Abbreviations

ALT:

Alanine aminotransferase

ANA:

Antinuclear antibodies

ASMA:

Anti-smooth muscle antibody

AST:

Aspartate transaminase

BMI:

Body mass index

CK18:

Cytokeratin-18 fragments

CT:

Computed tomography

ELF:

Enhanced liver fibrosis

GI:

Glycemic index

GREACE:

Greek Atorvastatin and Coronary Heart Disease Evaluation trial

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein

HFE:

Human hemochromatosis protein (HFE for High iron Fe)

HMG-CoA:

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA

MR:

Magnetic resonance imaging

MUFA:

Monounsaturated fatty acid

NAFLD:

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

NAS:

NAFLD activity score

NASH:

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

PIIINP:

Procollagen III N-terminal propeptide

PIVENS:

Pioglitazone Versus Vitamin E versus Placebo for the Treatment of Nondiabetic Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis trial

PPAR-γ:

Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ

PUFA:

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

TIMP-1:

Tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase

TZDs:

Thiazolidinediones

UDCA:

Ursodeoxycholic acid

VLDL:

Very low-density lipoprotein

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, 3300 Gallows Road, Falls Church, VA, 22042, USA

    Madeline Erario MD & Zobair M. Younossi MD

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  1. Madeline Erario MD
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Correspondence to Zobair M. Younossi MD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, School of Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

  2. Rosemead Surgery, 8A Ray Park Avenue, Maidenhead, SL6 8DS, Berkshire, United Kingdom

    Lan-Anh Hunter

  3. Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

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Erario, M., Younossi, Z.M. (2013). Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Adults: The Impact of Diet and Other Therapeutic Interventions on Clinical and Histological Outcomes. In: Preedy, V., Hunter, LA., Patel, V. (eds) Diet Quality. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7315-2_4

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