Abstract
This chapter places health impact assessment (HIA) in the context of the historical development of impact assessment processes in the USA and globally. It begins by summarizing and comparing the largest families of impact assessment: environmental impact assessment (EIA), social impact assessment (SIA), and HIA, highlighting similarities and key topical differences. The relationship between EIA and HIA is discussed, US legal standards for EIA are described, and the use of HIA and SIA to address weaknesses in the EIA process is highlighted. Other impact assessment types, including integrated assessment and strategic environmental assessment, are also discussed. The chapter then contrasts HIA with other health research study types, including human health risk assessment, occupational health risk assessment, epidemiologic studies, health program evaluation, and cost–benefit analysis—approaches that may superficially resemble HIA but are in fact quite different. This chapter highlights the unique contributions that HIA can lend to this diverse array of impact assessment and health research methodologies.
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Notes
- 1.
In addition to environmental impact assessment (EIA), the terms environmental assessment (EA) and environmental impact statement (EIS) are also commonly used. There are variations in how these terms are used—and they are not always used consistently across jurisdictions—but all generally refer to the process of prospectively identifying potential impacts of a proposed project or policy, with particular focus on impacts on the biophysical environment.
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Ross, C., Orenstein, M., Botchwey, N. (2014). HIA, EIA, SIA and Other Appraisals. In: Health Impact Assessment in the United States. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7303-9_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7303-9_3
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