Abstract
Liquid and polymer-based gas sensors are low temperature devices which are capable of working at room temperature. This chapter analyzes the features of these devices and discusses the materials which can be used to make them. Detailed descriptions of liquid and polymer electrolytes, as well as the materials used as electrodes in electrochemical sensors, are included. Membranes and gas diffusion electrodes and technologies of its fabrication are also discussed. The chapter includes 2 figures, 4 tables, and 42 references.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bay HW, Blurton KF, Lieb HC, Oswin HG (1972) Electrochemical measurement of carbon monoxide. Intern Lab 1(5):37–41
Bay HW, Blurton KF, Sedlak JM, Valentine AM (1974) Electrochemical technique for the measurement of carbon monoxide. Anal Chem 46(12):1837–1839
Bergman I (1968) Metallized membrane electrode: atmospheric oxygen monitoring and other applications. Nature 218:266
Blurton KF, Stetter JR (1978) A sensitive electrochemical detector for gas chromatography. J Chromatogr 155:35–45
Bonanos N (2001) Oxide-based protonic conductors: point defects and transport properties. Solid State Ion 145:265–274
Bontempelli G, Comisso N, Toniolo R, Schiavon G (1997) Electroanalytical sensors for nonconducting media based on electrodes supported on perfluorinated ion-exchange membranes. Electroanalysis 9:433–443
Cao Z, Stetter JR (1991) Amperometric gas sensors. In: Madou M, Joseph JP (eds) Opportunities for innovation: chemical and biological sensors. NIST Publication GCR 91-593-1, U.S. Department of Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD
Cao Z, Buttner WJ, Stetter JR (1992) The properties and applications of amperometric gas sensors. Electroanalysis 4:253–266
Chang SC, Stetter JR, Cha CS (1993) Amperometric gas sensors. Talanta 40:461–477
Chao Y, Buttner WJ, Yao S, Stetter JR (2005) Amperometric sensor for selective and stable hydrogen measurement. Sens Actuators B 106:784–790
Chou J (1999) Hazardous gas monitors: a practical guide to selection, operation, and applications. McGraw-Hill Professional, New York, NY
Clark LC, Wolf R, Granger D, Taylar Z (1953) Continuous recording of blood oxygen tensions by polarography. J Appl Physiol 6:189–193
Dawson GA, Hauser PC, Kilmartin PA, Wright GA (2000) CO2 gas sensing at microelectrodes in nonaqueous solvents. Electroanalysis 12:105–110
Enea O (1987) On the electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol vapors at Au-Nafion electrodes. J Electroanal Chem 235:393–401
Hitchman ML (1978) Measurements of dissolved oxygen. Wiley, New York, NY
Ho KC, Hung WT (2001) An amperometric NO2 gas sensor based on Pt/Nafion® electrode. Sens Actuators B 79:11–18
Ho KC, Liao JY, Yang CC (2005) A kinetic study for electrooxidation of NO gas at a Pt/membrane electrode-application to amperometric NO sensor. Sens Actuators B 108:820–827
Imaya H, Ishiji T, Takahashi K (2005) Detection properties of electrochemical acidic gas sensors using halide–halate electrolytic solutions. Sens Actuators B 108:803–807
Ives DJG, Janz GJ (eds) (1961) Reference electrodes: theory and practice. Academic, New York, NY
Jordan LR, Hauser PC, Dawson GA (1997) Humidity and temperature effects on the response to ethylene of an amperometric sensor utilizing a gold-Nafion electrode. Electroanalysis 9:1159–1162
Katayama-Aramata A, Nakajima H, Fujikawa K, Kita H (1983) Metal electrodes bonded on solid polymer electrolyte membranes (SPE)—the behaviour of platinum bonded on SPE for hydrogen and oxygen electrode processes. Electrochim Acta 28:777–780
Kita A, Fujikawa K, Nakajima H (1984) Metal electrodes bonded on solid polymer electrolyte membranes (SPE)-II. The polarization resistance of Pt-Nafion electrode. Electrochim Acta 29:1721–1724
Kita H, Nakajima H (1986) Metal electrodes bonded on solid polymer electrolyte membranes (SPE)-III. CO oxidation at Au-SPE electrodes. Electrochim Acta 31:193–200
Knake R, Jacquinot P, Hodgson AWE, Hauser PC (2005) Amperometric sensing in the gas-phase. Anal Chim Acta 549:1–9
Kordesch K, Simader G (1996) Fuel cells and their applications. VCH, New York, NY
Korotcenkov G, Han S-D, Stetter JR (2009) Review of electrochemical hydrogen sensors. Chem Rev 109(3):1402–1433
Liu C-C (1996) Electrochemical sensors: microfabrication techniques. In: Taylor RF, Schultz JS (eds) Handbook of chemical and biological sensors. IOP, Bristol, Ch. 16
La Conti S, Maget HJR (1971) Electrochemical detection of H2, CO, and hydrocarbons in inert or oxygen atmospheres. J Electrochem Soc 118:506–510
Lu X, Wu S, Wang L, Su Z (2005) Solid-state amperometric hydrogen sensor based on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. Sens Actuators B 107:812–817
Mosley PT, Norris J, Williams DE (eds) (1991) Techniques and mechanisms in gas sensing. Adam Hilger, New York, NY
Niedrach LW, Alford HR (1965) A new high-performance fuel cell employing conducting-porous-teflon electrodes and liquid electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 112:117–124
Opekar F (1989) Analytical applications of metallized membrane electrodes. Electroanalysis 1:287–295
Opekar F, Stulik K (1999) Electrochemical sensors with solid polymer electrolytes. Anal Chim Acta 385:151–162
Otagawa T, Zaromb S, Stetter JR (1985) Electrochemical oxidation of methane in nonaqueous electrolytes at room temperature. J Electrochem Soc 132:2951–2957
Paganin VA, Ticianelli EA, Gonzalez ER (1996) Development and electrochemical studies of gas diffusion electrodes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells. J Appl Electrochem 26:297–304
Ren X, Wilson MS, Gottesfeld S (1996) High performance direct methanol polymer electrolyte fuel cells. J Electrochem Soc 143:L12–L15
Rosini S, Siebert E (2005) Electrochemical sensors for detection of hydrogen in air: model of the non-Nernstian potentiometric response of platinum gas diffusion electrodes. Electrochim Acta 50:2943–2953
Schiavon G, Zotti G, Bontempelli G (1989) Electrodes supported on ion-exchange membranes as sensors in gases and low-conductivity solvents. Anal Chim Acta 221:27–41
Stetter JR, Sedlak JM, Blurton KF (1977) Electrochemical gas chromatographic detection of hydrogen sulfide at ppm and ppb levels. J Chromatorg Sci 15:125–128
Stetter JR, Li J (2008) Amperometric gas sensors: a review. Chem Rev 108:352–366
Stetter JR, Korotcenkov G, Zeng X, Liu Y, Tang Y (2011) Electrochemical gas sensors: fundamentals, fabrication and parameters. In: Korotcenkov G (ed) Chemical sensors: comprehensive sensor technologies, vol 5, Electrochemical and optical sensors. Momentum Press, New York, NY, pp 1–89
Sundmacher K, Rihko-Struckmann LK, Galvita V (2005) Solid electrolyte membrane reactors: status and trends. Catal Today 104:185–199
Vielstich W, Lamm A, Gasteiger HA (eds) (2003) Handbook of fuel cell -fundamentals, technology and applications, vol 2. Wiley, Chichester, Part 3
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Korotcenkov, G. (2013). Materials for Electrochemical Gas Sensors with Liquid and Polymer Electrolytes. In: Handbook of Gas Sensor Materials. Integrated Analytical Systems. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7165-3_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7165-3_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-7164-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-7165-3
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)