Abstract
Until the last decade, adequacy of vitamin D status was not a public health concern, because vitamin D synthesis from sun exposure was thought to meet most of the North American populations’ needs and the ubiquitous fortification of milk was thought to provide sufficient intake when sun exposure was limited. More recently, a growing incidence of rickets in infants and evidence from national surveys showing high prevalence of poor vitamin D status in children and adults is slowly eroding our confidence in the vitamin D adequacy of many Americans and Canadians, as well as in other developed countries [1–3]. Concern about the high prevalence of poor vitamin D status stems from the significant association of low plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D {25(OH)D} levels with the increased risk of both chronic and infectious disease, but most strongly with the chronic bone diseases, osteoporosis, and rickets in children [1–4].
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Abbreviations
- 1,25(OH)2D:
-
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
- 25(OH)D:
-
25-Hydroxyvitamin D
- AI:
-
Adequate intake
- CHMS:
-
Canadian health measures survey
- DRI:
-
Dietary Recommended Intake
- EAR:
-
Estimated average requirement
- IOM:
-
Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences
- NHANES:
-
National Health and Nutrition Education Survey
- RDA:
-
Recommended Daily Allowance
- UL:
-
Upper level of safe intake
- USDA:
-
US Department of Agriculture
- Vitamin D2:
-
Ergocalciferol
- Vitamin D3:
-
Cholecalciferol
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Calvo, M.S., Whiting, S.J. (2013). Vitamin D Fortification in North America: Current Status and Future Considerations. In: Preedy, V., Srirajaskanthan, R., Patel, V. (eds) Handbook of Food Fortification and Health. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7110-3_21
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