Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Iron- and Zinc-Fortified Parboiled Rice

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Food Fortification and Health

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

  • 2624 Accesses

Abstract

Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiency have been estimated to affect 70–95 % of the population in Asia [1, 2], where rice is the staple food for most people. Iron deficiency induces anemia, impairs growth, development and immunity, especially in infants and young children [3, 4], while Zn deficiency adversely affects the immune system, increases susceptibility to infections, restricts growth in young children and impairs the senses for taste and smell, memory and spermatogenesis in adults [5, 6]. Increasing Fe and Zn concentration in rice grain (in polished rice) is expected to promote Fe and Zn intake by rice consumers and decrease incidences of Fe and Zn deficiency among the poor, especially in developing countries where access to Fe- and Zn-rich foods such as animal products is limited [7, 8].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

DAE:

Dilute acid extractable

DTZ:

Diphenyl thiocarbazone

Fe:

Iron

Fe-EDTA:

Iron-ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid

PPB:

Pearl Prussian blue

Zn:

Zinc

References

  1. Hettiarachchi M, Hilmers DC, Liyanage C, Abrams SA. Na(2)EDTA enhances the absorption of iron and zinc from fortified rice flour in Sri Lankan children. J Nutr. 2004;134(11):3031–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Pinstrup-Andersen P, Pandya-Lorch R, Rosegrant MW. World food prospects: Critical issues for the early twenty-first century. Food Policy Report. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C. 1999. pp. 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  3. WHO. The world food summit: micronutrient malnutrition: half of the world affected. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  4. WHO. The world health report 2002. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Hotz C, Brown K. Assessment of the risk of zinc deficiency in populations and options for its control. Food Nutr Bull. 2004;25:S94–203.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Rosado J. Zinc and copper: proposed fortification levels and recommended zinc compounds. J Nutr. 2003;133:2985S–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Hurrell RF, Cook JD. Strategies for iron fortification of foods. Trends Food Sci Technol. 1990;9:56–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Juliano BO. Rice in human nutrition “Prepared in collaboration with FAO”. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 1993

    Google Scholar 

  9. Brown K, Peerson J, Rivera J, Allen L. Effect of supplemental zinc on the growth and serum zinc concentrations of prepubertal children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:1062–71.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Cakmak I. Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: agronomic or genetic biofortification? Plant Soil. 2008;302:1–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Pfeiffer W, McClafferty B. HarvestPlus: breeding crops for better nutrition. Crop Sci. 2007;47:S-88–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Vasconcelos M, Datta K, Oliva N, Khalekuzzaman M, Torrizo L, Krishnan S, et al. Enhanced iron and zinc accumulation in transgenic rice with the ferritin gene. Plant Sci. 2003;164:371–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Gregorio GB, Senadhira D, Mendoza RD, Manigbas NL, Roxas JP, Guerta CQ. Progress in breeding for salinity tolerance and associated abiotic stresses in rice. Field Crop Res. 2002;76(2–3):91–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Prom-u-thai C, Fukai S, Godwin DI, Huang L. Genotypic variation of iron partitioning in rice grain. J Sci Food Agric. 2007;87:2049–54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Senadhira D, Gregorio G, Graham RD. Breeding iron and zinc dense rice. In: Paper presented at the international workshop on micronutrient of rice for developing countries. Philippines: International Rice Research Institute; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Bouis HE. Enrichment of food staples through plant breeding: a new strategy for fighting micronutrient malnutrition. Nutr Rev. 1996;54(5):131–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Goto F, Yoshihara T, Shigemoto N, Toki S, Takaiwa F. Iron fortification of rice seed by the soybean ferritin gene. Nat Biotechnol. 1999;17(3):282–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Juliano BO, Bechtel BD. Rice: chemistry and technology. St. Paul, MN: American Association of Cereal Chemists; 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Prom-u-thai C, Sanchai C, Rerkasem B, Jamjod S, Fukai S, Godwin DI, et al. The effect of grain morphology on degree of milling and iron loss in rice. Cereal Chem. 2007;84:384–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Pillaiyar P. Household parboiling of parboiled rice. Kishan World. 1981;8:20–1.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Bhattacharya KR. Parboiling of rice. 3rd ed. St. Paul, MN: American Association of Cereal Chemists; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Choudhury NH. Parboiling and consumer demand of parboiled rice in South Asia. Manila: International Rice Research Institute; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Rerkasem B. Having your rice and eating it too: a view of Thailand’s green revolution. ScienceAsia. 2007;33 Suppl 1:75–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Prom-u-thai C, Fukai S, Godwin DI, Rerkasem B, Huang L. Iron-fortified parboiled rice—a novel solution to high iron density in rice-based diets. Food Chem. 2008;110:390–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Prom-u-thai C, Rerkasem B, Fukai S, Huang L. Key factors affecting Fe density in Fe-fortified parboiled rice: parboiling conditions, storage duration, external Fe loading rate and genotypic differences. Food Chem. 2010;123:628–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Doesthale YG, Devara S, Rao S, Belavady B. Effect of milling on mineral and trace-element composition of raw and parboiled rice. J Sci Food Agric. 1979;30(1):40–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Prom-u-thai C, Glahn PR, Cheng Z, Fukai S, Rerkasem B, Huang L. The bioavailability of iron fortified in whole grain parboiled rice. Food Chem. 2009;112:982–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Prom-u-thai C, Rerkasem B, Fukai S, Huang L. Iron-fortification and parboiled rice quality: appearance, cooking quality and sensory attributes. J Sci Food Agric. 2009;89(15):2565–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Glahn RR, Lee OA, Yeung A, Goldman MI, Miller DD. Caco-2 cell ferritin formation predicts nonradiolabeled food iron availability in an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model. J Nutr. 1998;128:1555–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Cook JD, Reddy MB, Burri J, Juillerat MA, Hurrell RF. The influence of different cereal grains on iron absorption from infant cereal foods. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65(4):964–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Li Y, Diosady LL, Jankowski S. Stability of vitamin B1 in Ultra Rice in the presence of encapsulated ferrous fumarate. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2008;59(1):24–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Prom-u-thai C, Huang L, Rerkasem B. Iron fortification in parboiled rice – a rapid and effective tool for delivering Fe nutrition to rice consumers. Food Nutr Sci. 2011;2:323–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

We acknowledge University of Queensland for postdoctoral research fund, McKnight Foundation, Thailand Research Fund, International Foundation for Science and Office of the Higher Education Commission under National Research University project for financial supported.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Agronomy Division, Department of Plant Science and Natural Resources, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

    Chanakan Prom-u-thai Ph.D.

  2. Plant Genetic Resource and Nutrition Laboratory, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

    Benjavan Rerkasem Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Chanakan Prom-u-thai Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Benjavan Rerkasem Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chanakan Prom-u-thai Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, School of Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

  2. University Hospital Lewisham, Department of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Kings College Hospital, London, SM68SU, United Kingdom

    Rajaventhan Srirajaskanthan

  3. Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Prom-u-thai, C., Rerkasem, B. (2013). Iron- and Zinc-Fortified Parboiled Rice. In: Preedy, V., Srirajaskanthan, R., Patel, V. (eds) Handbook of Food Fortification and Health. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7076-2_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7076-2_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-7075-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-7076-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation