Skip to main content

Chinese Cosmopolitanism (Tianxia He Shijie Zhuyi) in China’s Heritage Tourism

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cultural Heritage Politics in China

Abstract

This chapter explores how cosmopolitanism, a complex of ideas about global citizenship that encompass ethical, political, and trans-cultural issues, is reconstituted in China as tianxia (Confucian, heritage-based worldview) and shijie zhuyi (outward-looking engagement with the changing world). Drawing from case studies in the Stone Forest and Northwest Shangri-la regions of Yunnan, both lauded for strong indigenous cultural identity and ecological sustainability, the chapter argues Chinese cosmopolitanism is a strategic concept useful for all tourism practitioners. It demonstrates that ethnic and ecological heritage tourism development is shaped by Chinese cosmopolitanism, adding a global dimension to discussions of cosmopolitanism and local heritage.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agathangelou, Anna, and L.H.M. Ling. 2009. Transforming World Politics: From Empire to Multiple Worlds. Oxford: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appiah, Kwami. 2006. The case for contamination: No to purity; no to tribalism; no to cultural protectionism. Toward a new cosmopolitanism. New York Times Magazine, January 1:31–38, 52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barabantseva, Elena. 2009. Change vs. Order—Shijie Meets Tianxia in China’s Interactions with the World. Manchester: University of Manchester, BICC Working Paper Series, No. 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barthel-Bouchier, Diane, and Ming Min Hui. 2007. Places of cosmopolitan memory. Globality Studies Journal 5:1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, Ulrich. 2002. The cosmopolitan society and its enemies. Theory Culture & Society 19(1–2):17–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, Ulrich, and Nathan Sznaider. 2006. Unpacking cosmopolitanism for the social sciences: A research agenda. British Journal of Sociology 57(1):1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, Daniel. 2009. War, peace, and China’s soft power: A Confucian approach. Diogenes 56(1):26–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Callahan, William. 2007. Tianxia, Empire and the World: Soft Power and China’s Foreign Policy Discourse in the 21st Century. Manchester: University of Manchester BICC Working Paper Series, No. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • CCTV. 2006. Honghe Trip II. http://english.cctv.com/program/travelogue/20060323/100594_4.shtml. Accessed 30 May 2011.

  • CNC. 2011. Mythical show stirs controversy: CNC report from Yunnan. http://www.cncworld.tv/news/v_show/16432_Mythical_show_stirs_controversy.shtml. Accessed 1 Aug 2011.

  • CNTV. 2011. Travelogue 2011-03-02 ethnic odyssey 2, Chuxiong: Yi minority. http://english.cntv.cn/program/travelogue/20110302/103166.shtml. Accessed 9 April 2011.

  • Chun, Shan. 2009. On Chinese cosmopolitanism (Tian Xia). Culture Mandala: Bulletin of the Centre for East-West Cultural & Economic Studies 8(2):20–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delanty, Gerard. 2006. The cosmopolitan imagination: Critical cosmopolitanism and social theory. The British Journal of Sociology 57(1):25–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Efird, Rob. 2012. Learning the land beneath our feet: NGO: Local learning materials’ and environmental education in Yunnan province. Journal of Contemporary China 21(76):569–583.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ethnic China. 2009. Keyi: A museum village of the Axi Yi. http://www.ethnic-china.com/Yi/yikeyi.htm. Accessed 30 May 2011.

  • Forte, Maximilian C. (ed.). 2010. Indigenous cosmopolitans: Transnational and transcultural indigeneity in the twenty-first century. New York: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrell, Stevan 1995 Introduction. In Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan, ed. Melissa Brown, 1–18. Berkeley: University of California Institute of East Asian Studies, China Research Monograph, vol. 46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillman, Ben. 2003. Paradise under construction: Minorities, myths and modernity in northwest Yunnan. Asian Ethnicity 4(2):175–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hilton, James. 1939. Lost horizon. New York: Pocket Books, Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolas, Ashild. 2008. Tourism and Tibetan Culture in Transition: A Place Called Shangrila. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, Daniel, and Natan Sznaider. 2002. Memory unbound: The holocaust and the formation of cosmopolitan memory. European Journal of Social Theory 5(1):87–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lisle, Debbie. 2009. Joyless cosmopolitans: The moral economy of ethical tourism. In Cultural Political Economy, ed. Matthew Paterson, and Jacqueline Best, 139–157. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meethan, Kevin. 2001. Tourism in Global Society: Place, Culture and Consumption. London: Palgrave.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merlan, Francesca. 2009. Indigeneity: Global and local. Current Anthropology 50(3):303–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molz, Jennie. 2006. Cosmopolitan bodies: Fit to travel and traveling to fit. Body & Society 12(3):1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Notar, Beth. 2006. Displacing Desire: Travel and Popular Culture in China. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyíri, Pál. 2006. Scenic spots: Chinese Tourism, the State, and Cultural Authority. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oakes, Tim. 2007. Welcome to paradise! A sino-american joint venture project. In China’s Transformations: The Stories Beyond the Headlines, ed. Timothy Weston, and Lionel Jensen, 240–264. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omland, Atle. 1997. World Heritage and the Relationship Between the Global and the Local. M.A. Thesis. Department of Archaeology, Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge. UNESCO Verdensarv-konvensjon. http://folk.uio.no/atleom/master/contents.htm. Accessed 16 Mar 2012.

  • Peng, Zhaorong and Fang Lu. 2011. Consuming heritage: How ethnic groups face the heritage tourism. A case study on the Fire-worship ritual of Yi ethnic group used upon the mass tourism. In Exploring Ethnicity and the State Through Tourism in East Asia, ed. John Ertl, 98–105. Kanazawa: Kanazawa University Japan-China Intangible Cultural Heritage Project, Report, vol. 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salazar, Noel. 2010. Tourism and cosmopolitanism: A view from below. International Journal of Tourism Anthropology 1(1):55–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schäfer, Wolf. 2007. Lean globality studies. Globality Studies Journal 7:1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, James C. 2009. The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swain, Margaret Byrne. 2001. Cosmopolitan tourism and minority politics in the Stone Forest. In Tourism, Anthropology and Chinese Society: in Memory of Professor Wang Zhusheng, eds. Tan Chee Beng, Sidney Cheung, and Yang Hui, 125–146. Bangkok: White Lotus Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swain, Margaret Byrne. 2005. Desiring Ashima: Sexing landscape in China’s Stone Forest. In Seductions of Place: Geographical Perspectives on Globalization and Touristed Landscapes, ed. Caroline Cartier, and Alan Lew, 245–259. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swain, Margaret Byrne. 2009. The cosmopolitan hope of tourism. Tourism Geographies 11(4):505–525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swain, Margaret Byrne. 2011. Ethnic tourism and indigenous cosmopolitans. In Exploring Ethnicity and the State through Tourism in East Asia, ed. John Ertl, 21–28. Kanazawa: Kanazawa University Japan-China Intangible Cultural Heritage Project, Report, vol. 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swain, Margaret Byrne. 2013. Myth management in tourism’s imaginariums: Tales from southwest china, and beyond. In Tourism Imaginaries Through an Anthropological Lens, ed. Noel Salazar and Nelson Graburn. Oxford: Berghahn (In Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Swope, Lindsey, Margaret Swain, Fuquan Yang, and Jack Ives. 1997. Uncommon property rights in southwest china: Trees and tourism. In Life and Death Matters, ed. Barbara Johnston, 43–60. Walnut Creek: Alta Mira Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyfield, David and John Urry. 2010. Cosmopolitan China? Soziale Welt 61:275–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vertovec, Steven and Robin Cohen. 2002. Introduction: Conceiving cosmopolitanism. In Conceiving Cosmopolitanism, ed. Steven Vertovec and Robin Cohen, 1–24. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie, Chunbo. 2011. Ecomuseum or ethnic cultural and ecological village? The case of safeguarding ICH in monkey lake Sani village, Yunnan, China. http://www.sac.or.th/databases/fieldschool/?page_id=891. Accessed 7 June 2011.

  • Yeh, Emily T. 2007. Tibetan indigeneity: Translations, resemblances, and uptake. In Indigenous Experience Today, ed. Marisol de la Cadena and Orin Starn, 69–97. Wenner Gren international symposium series. Oxford and New York: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeh, Emily T. 2008. Living together in Lhasa: Ethnic relations, coercive amity, and subaltern cosmopolitanism. In The Other Global City, ed. Shail Mayaram, 54–85. Advances in Geography series. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, Keping. 2001. Americanization, Westernization, Sinification, Modernization or Globalization of China? Project Discussion Paper no. 15. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), ed. Claudia Derichs and Thomas Heberer. Duisburg: Institut für Ostasienwissenschaften, Gerhard-Mercator-University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yunnan Initiative. 2000. Visions and Actions for the Enhancement of Biological and Cultural Diversity. Proceedings of Cultures and Biodiversity Congress (CUBIC). July 20–30. Kunming: Xishuangbanna; Deqing, PR China. http://lib.icimod.org/record/10431/files/94.pdf. Accessed 25 July 2011.

  • Zhao, Tingyang. 2009. A political world philosophy in terms of all-under-heaven (Tian-xia). Diogenes 56(1):5–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Margaret Byrne Swain .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Swain, M.B. (2013). Chinese Cosmopolitanism (Tianxia He Shijie Zhuyi) in China’s Heritage Tourism. In: Blumenfield, T., Silverman, H. (eds) Cultural Heritage Politics in China. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6874-5_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics