Abstract
Farmers all over the world had long known how to put animal and human urine and feces back on their fields to increase yields. It can therefore be seen as a small step to collect also more or less fossilized droppings from birds and bats for the same purpose. Off the west coast of South America, birds feeding on anchovetas and other small fishes in the rich upwelling zones nest on a number of small islands, where guano deposits have accumulated over centuries or millennia and reached thicknesses as great as 50 m, as on the islands of Chincha. The first to utilize those and apply guano on their fields were Andean Indians. In small boats and further on, on the back of llamas, they transported the fertilizer from some of the nearby islands up to their terraced farmland in the mountains. The Incas had an advanced system for distributing the fertilizer to villages in relationship to the taxes they paid and the labor days they provided to the central system. To take guano allocated to another village was a serious crime with stiff penalties. Disturbing the bird colonies during the nesting season was also unlawful.
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Notes
- 1.
It was, however, not the phosphorus content of guano that von Liebig emphasized, but that of nitrogen. He might have been wrong in that, but right about guano all the same.
- 2.
An important reason for the guano race was also the use of saltpeter (potassium nitrate) from it, in the production of gunpowder, but this is outside the scope of this book.
- 3.
These figures are from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) 2010. The year before the same agency estimated the total global reserves to be 16 billion tons.
References
Skaggs JM (1994) The Great Guano rush. Entrepreneurs and American overseas expansion. St. Martin’s Griffin, New York
Spinner K (2012) The battle over phosphate mining has shifted. Herald Tribune, New York
Zunes S, Mundy J (2010) Western Sahara. War, nationalism and conflict irresolution. Syracuse University Press, New York
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© 2013 Mikhail Butusov
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Butusov, M., Jernelöv, A. (2013). The Politics of P. In: Phosphorus. SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science, vol 9. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6803-5_8
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