Abstract
In the fourth chapter, a study of protocol stacks (and layered architectures, more generally) and their evolution has been done in a rigorous and quantitative manner. Instead of only considering a specific protocol stack, an abstract evolutionary model, referred to as EvoArch, in which protocols are represented by nodes and services are represented by directed links, is considered. In this layered directed acyclic graph representation of protocol stack, this chapter concentrates on the topology of the graph which changes with time as new nodes are created at different layers, and existing nodes are removed as a result of competition with other nodes at the same layer. A robustness study shows that the model produces hourglass structures for a wide range of parameter values.
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Notes
- 1.
In practice, the principle of strict layering is occasionally violated through tunnels or other forms of virtual networks. For the most part, however, layering is the norm in protocol architectures rather than the exception. Considering architectures without strict layering is outside the scope of this paper and an interesting subject for future research.
- 2.
Of course in practice substrates are never chosen randomly. The use of randomness in the model implies that a realistic mechanism of substrate selection is not necessary for the emergence of the hourglass structure.
- 3.
We have also experimented with a termination condition based on the number of rounds instead of the number of nodes. There is no significant difference as long as the network can evolve for at least few tens of rounds.
- 4.
Any parameter we do not mention is set to the default value given in Sect. 3.
- 5.
A corresponding parameterization using the more realistic death-regulated birth process is given in Sect. 6.
- 6.
The original proposals for IPv6 included several novel services, such as mobility, improved auto-configuration, and IP-layer security, but eventually, IPv6 became mostly an IPv4-like protocol with many more addresses.
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the NSF award 0831848 (“Towards a Theory of Network Evolution”).
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Akhshabi, S., Dovrolis, C. (2013). The Evolution of Layered Protocol Stacks Leads to an Hourglass-Shaped Architecture. In: Mukherjee, A., Choudhury, M., Peruani, F., Ganguly, N., Mitra, B. (eds) Dynamics On and Of Complex Networks, Volume 2. Modeling and Simulation in Science, Engineering and Technology. Birkhäuser, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6729-8_4
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