Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Neuromuscular Disorders in Clinical Practice pp 863–869Cite as

Peripheral Nerve Injury

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Accurate evaluation of peripheral nerve injury is crucial in planning treatment. Understanding the classification of Sunderland and Seddon helps in predicting prognosis. This chapter discusses the basic reactions to peripheral nerve injury, classification of peripheral nerve injury, and the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative electrodiagnostic evaluation of nerve injury. It also covers the novel methods utilized in the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries with all potential therapeutic interventions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Noble J, Munro CA, Prasad VSSV, et al. Analysis of upper and lower extremity peripheral nerve injuries in a population of patients with multiple injuries. J Trauma. 1998;45(1):116–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Sunderland S. Nerves and nerve injuries. 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1978. p. 133–8.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Seddon HJ. Surgical disorders of the peripheral nerves. 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1975. p. 21–3.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Dumitru D, Zwarts MJ, Amato AA. Peripheral nervous system reaction to injury. In: Dumitru D, Amato AA, Zwarts MJ, editors. Electrodiagnostic medicine. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus; 2002. p. 115–58.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Fu SY, Gordon T. The cellular and molecular basis of peripheral nerve regeneration. Mol Neurobiol. 1997;14:67–116.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Muller HW, Stoll G. Nerve injury and regeneration: basic insights and therapeutic interventions. Curr Opin Neurol. 1998;11:557–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Sun Y, Zigmond RE. Leukemia inhibitory factor induced in the sciatic nerve after axotomy is involved in the induction of galanin in sensory neurons. Eur J Neurosci. 1996;8:2213–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kurek JB, Austin L, Cheema SS, et al. Up-regulation of leukemia inhibitory factor and interleukin-6 in transected sciatic nerve and muscle following denervation. Neuromusc Disord. 1996;6:105–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Tonra JR, Curtis R, Wong V, et al. Axotomy upregulates the anterograde transport and expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor by sensory neurons. J Neurosci. 1998;18:4374–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Carroll SL, Miller ML, Frohner PW, et al. Expression of neuregulins and their putative receptors, erbB2 and erbB3, is induced during wallerian degeneration. J Neurosci. 1997;17:1642–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Li H, Terenghi G, Hall SM. Effects of delayed re-innervation on the expression of c-erbB receptors by chronically denervated rat Schwann cells in vivo. Glia. 1997;20:333–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Marx J. Helping neurons find their way. Science. 1995;268:971–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Vougioukas VI, Roeske S, Michel U, Bruck W. Wallerian degeneration in ICAM-1 deficient mice. Am J Pathol. 1998;152:241–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Sunio A, Bittner GD. Cyclosporin A, retards the wallerian degeneration of peripheral mammalian axons. Exp Neurol. 1997;146:46–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Matzner O, Devor M. Hyperexcitability at sites of nerve injury depends on voltage-sensitive Na+ channels. J Neurophysiol. 1994;72:349–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. England JD, Happel LT, Kline DG, et al. Sodium channel accumulation in humans with painful neuromas. Neurology. 1996;47:272–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. England JD, Gamboni F, Ferguson MA, et al. Sodium channels accumulate at the tips of injured axons. Muscle Nerve. 1994;17:593–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. England JD, Happel LT, Liu ZP, et al. Abnormal distributions of potassium channels in human neuromas. Neurosc Lett. 1998;255:37–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Chaudhry V, Cornblath DR. Wallerian degeneration in human nerve: serial electrophysiological studies. Muscle Nerve. 1992;15:687–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Birks R, Katz B, Miledi R. Physiological and structural changes at the amphibian myoneural junction in the course of nerve degeneration. J Physiol. 1960;150:145–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Gilliatt RW, Taylor JC. Electrical changes following section of the facial nerve. Proc R Soc Med. 1959;52:1080.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Weddell G, Feinstein B, Pattle RE. The electrical activity of voluntary muscle in man under normal and pathological conditions. Brain. 1944;67:178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Dorfman LJ. Quantitative clinical electrophysiology in the evaluation of nerve injury and regeneration. Muscle Nerve. 1990;13:822–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kline DG, Hackett ER. Reappraisal of timing for exploration of civilian peripheral nerve injuries. Surgery. 1975;78:54–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kline DG. Surgical repair of peripheral nerve injury. Muscle Nerve. 1990;13:843–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Bertelli J, Ghizoni MF. Results and current approach for brachial Plexus reconstruction. J Brachial Plexus Peripher Nerve Inj. 2011;6:2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Watchmaker GP, Mackinnon SE. Advances in peripheral nerve repair. Clin Plastic Surg. 1997;24:63–73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Haase J, Bjerve P, Semesen K. Median and ulnar nerve transections treated with microsurgical interfascicular cable grafting with autologous sural nerve. J Neurosurg. 1980;53:73–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Bertelli J, Ghizoni MF. Nerve root grafting and distal nerve transfers for C5-C6 brachial plexus injuries. J Hand Surg. 2010;35A:769–75.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Cataltepe O, Ozcan OE, Onur R, et al. Arterial bridging for repair of peripheral nerve gap: a comparative study. Acta Neurochiriurgica. 1993;121:181–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ozcan G, Shenaq S, Spira M. Vascularized nerve tube: an experimental alternative for vascularized nerve grafts over short gaps. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1993;9:405–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Molander H, Olsson Y, Engkvist O, et al. Regeneration of peripheral nerve through a polyglactin tube. Muscle Nerve. 1982;5:54–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Mackinnon SE, Dellon A. A study of nerve regeneration across synthetic(Maxon) and biologic (collagen) nerve conduits for nerve gaps up to 5 cm in the primate. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1990;6:117–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Glasby MA, Gilmour JA, Gschmeissner SE, et al. The repair of large peripheral nerves using skeletal muscle autografts: a comparison with cable grafts in the sheep femoral nerve. Br J Plast Surg. 1990;43:169–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Seddon HJ, Medawar PB, Smith H. Rate of regeneration of peripheral nerves in man. J Physiol. 1943;102:191–215.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Abe N, Cavalli N. Nerve injury signaling. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2008;18(3):276–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Son YJ, Thompson WJ. Schwann cell processes guide regeneration of peripheral axons. Neuron. 1995;14:125–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Gold BG, Katoh K, Storm-Dickerson T. The immunosuppressant FK506 increases the rate of axonal regeneration in rat sciatic nerve. J Neurosci. 1995;15:509–16.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Steiner JP, Connolly MA, Valentine HL, et al. Neurotrophic actions of nonimmunosuppressive analogues of immunosuppressive drugs FK506, rapamycin, and cyclosporin. Nature Med. 1997;3:421–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kotani Y, Matsuda S, Sakanaka M, et al. Prosaporin facilitates sciatic nerve regeneration in vivo. J Neurochem. 1996;66:2019–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Ishii DN, Glazner GW, Pu SF. Role of insulin-like growth factors in peripheral nerve regeneration [Review]. Pharmacol Ther. 1994;62:125–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Kanje M, Skottner A, Sjoberg J, et al. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) stimulates regeneration of the rat sciatic nerve. Brain Res. 1989;486:396–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Dubisson AS, Beuermann RW, Kline DG. Sciatic nerve regeneration across gaps within collagen chambers: the influence of epidermal growth factor. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1993;9:341–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Wang MS, Chen ZW, Zhang GJ, et al. Topical GM1 ganglioside to promote crushed rat sciatic nerve regeneration. Microsurgery. 1995;16:542–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Zamboni WA, Brown RE, Roth AC, et al. Functional evaluation of peripheral-nerve repair and the effect of hyperbaric oxygen. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1994;11:27–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Munson JB, Shelton DL, McMahon SB. Adult mammalian sensory and motor neurons: roles of endogenous neurotrophins and rescue by exogenous neurotrophins after axotomy. J Neurosci. 1997;17:470–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Leonardo ED, Hinck L, Masu M, et al. Guidance of developing axons by netrin-1 and its receptors. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1997;62:467–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Tessier-Lavigne M, Goodman CS. The molecular biology of axon guidance. Science. 1996;274:1123–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, 1542 Tulane Ave, Seventh Floor, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA

    Amparo Gutierrez MD & John D. England MD

Authors
  1. Amparo Gutierrez MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John D. England MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amparo Gutierrez MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Bashar Katirji

  2. Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA

    Henry J. Kaminski

  3. University School of Medicine Department of Neurology, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Robert L. Ruff

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gutierrez, A., England, J.D. (2014). Peripheral Nerve Injury. In: Katirji, B., Kaminski, H., Ruff, R. (eds) Neuromuscular Disorders in Clinical Practice. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6567-6_39

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6567-6_39

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-6566-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-6567-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation