Skip to main content

Outcome Measures and Clinical Assessment Instruments in Neuromuscular Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Neuromuscular Disorders in Clinical Practice

Abstract

This chapter reviews issues which result from consideration of the optimal outcome measures. By its nature, the process of measurement requires reducing a dynamic process (the patient dealing with their disability) to a “2-dimensional snapshot” (the patient’s score at one point in time) that will be used to reflect a patient’s condition. Measurement is usually an imperfect process, especially when relatively small treatment effects are expected. Multiple examples of available treatment instruments will be reviewed with an emphasis on their benefits and limitations for future use.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Herndon R. Introduction to clinical neurologic scales. In: Herndon RM, editor. Handbook of neurologic rating scales. New York: Demos Vermande; 1997. p. 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Brooks BR. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis clinimetric scales – guidelines for administration and scoring. In: Herndon RM, editor. Handbook of neurologic rating scales. New York: Demos Vermande; 1997. p. 27–79.

    Google Scholar 

  3. The ALS CNTF treatment study (ACTS) phase I-II Study Group. The amyotrophic lateral sclerosis functional rating scale. Assessment of activities of daily living in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 1996;53(2):141–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Tindall RS, Rollins JA, Phillips JT, Greenlee RG, Wells L, Belendiuk G. Preliminary results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of cyclosporine in myasthenia gravis. N Eng J Med. 1987;316(12):719–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Barohn RJ, McIntire D, Herbelin L, Wolfe GI, Nations S, Bryan WW. Reliability testing of the quantitative myasthenia gravis score. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998;841:769–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Weaver TE, Laizner AM, Evans LK, Maislin G, Chugh DK, Lyon K, et al. An instrument to measure functional status outcomes for disorders of excessive sleepiness. Sleep. 1997;20(10):835–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Olney RK. Clinical trials for polyneuropathy: the role of nerve ­conduction studies, quantitative sensory testing, and autonomic function testing. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1998;15(2):129–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Siegal S, Castellan NJ. Non-parametric statistics for the behavioural sciences. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  9. LaRocca NG. Statistical and methodologic considerations in scale construction. In: Munsat T, editor. Quantification of neurologic deficit. Stoneham: Butterworths; 1989. p. 49–67.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Wright W. Muscle training in the treatment of infantile paralysis. Boston Med Surg J. 1912;167:567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Medical Research Council. Aids to the investigation of peripheral nerve injuries. 2nd ed. London: HSMO; 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Mendell J, Florence J. Manual muscle testing. Muscle Nerve. 1990;13:S16–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Andres PL, Skerry LM, Munsat TL. Measurement of strength in neuromuscular disease. In: Munsat TL, editor. Quantification of neurologic deficit. Stoneham: Butterworth; 1989. p. 87–100.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Lilienfeld AM, Jacobs M, Willis M. A study of reproducibility of muscle testing and certain other aspects of muscle scoring. Phys Ther Rev. 1954;34:279.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Florence JM, Pandya S, King WM, et al. Clinical trials in Duchenne dystrophy: standardization and reliability of evaluation procedures. Phys Ther. 1984;64:41–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Beasley WC. Quantitative muscle testing: principles and applications to research and clinical services. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1961;42:398–425.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Beck M, Giess R, Wurffel W, Magnus T, Ochs G, Toyka KV. Comparison of maximal voluntary isometric contraction and Drachman’s hand-held dynamometry in evaluating patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve. 1999;22(9):1265–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Armon C, Ponraj E. Comparing composite scores based on maximal voluntary isometric contraction and on semiquantitative manual motor testing in measuring limb strength in patients with ALS. Neurology. 1996;47(6):1586–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Andres PL, Finison LJ, Conlon T, Thibodeau LM, Munsat TL. Use of composite scores (megascores) to measure deficit in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. 1988;38(3):405–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Mitsumoto H, Chad D, Pioro E. Treatment trials. In: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Philadelphia: FA Davis; 1997. p. 329–59.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Ringel SP, Murphy JR, Alderson MK, Bryan W, England JD, Miller RG, et al. The natural history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. 1993;43(7):1316–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Hoagland RJ, Mendoza M, Armon C, Barohn RJ, Bryan WW, Goodpasture JC, et al. Reliability of maximal voluntary isometric contraction testing in a multicenter study of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve. 1997;20(6):691–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Andres PL, Skerry LM, Munsat TL. Measurement of strength in neuromuscular diseases. In: Munsat TL, editor. Quantification of neurologic deficit. Boston: Butterworths; 1989. p. 87–100.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Mahoney F, Barthel D. Functional evaluation: the Barthel index. Md State Med J. 1965;14:61–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Wade DT, Collin C. The Barthel ADL index: a standard measure of physical disability? Int Disabil Stud. 1988;10(2):64–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Collin C, Wade DT, Davies S, Horne V. The Barthel ADL index: a reliability study. Int Disabil Stud. 1988;10(2):61–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Granger CV, Albrecht GL, Hamilton BB. Outcome of comprehensive medical rehabilitation: measurement by PULSES profile and the Barthel index. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1979;60(4):145–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Wade DT. Measurement in neurological rehabilitation. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  29. McDowell I, Newell C. Measuring health: a guide to rating scales and questionnaires. New York: Oxford University Press; 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Rankin J. Cerebral vascular accidents in patients over the age of 60. Scott Med J. 1957;2:200–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. van Swieten JC, Koudstaal PJ, Visser MC, Schouten HJ, van Gijn J. Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke. 1988;19(5):604–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Buddenberg L, Davis C. Test-retest reliability of the Purdue Pegboard Test. Am J Occup Ther. 2000;54(5):555–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Matias S, Nayak U, Isaacs B. Balance in elderly patient the “get up and go” test. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986;67:387–9.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed “Up and Go”: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39:142–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Merlini L et al. Motor function-muscle strength relationship in ­spinal muscular atrophy. Muscle Nerve. 2004;29(4):548–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Montes J et al. Fatigue leads to gait changes in spinal muscular atrophy. Muscle Nerve. 2011;43(4):485–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Butland R, Pang J, Gross E, Woodcock A, Geddes D. Two-, six-, and 12-minute walking tests in respiratory disease. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982;284(6329):1607–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Balke B. A simple field test for the assessment of physical fitness. Rep Civ Aeromed Res Inst US. 1963;53:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Franchignoni FP, Tesio L, Ricupero C, Martino MT. Trunk control test as an early predictor of stroke rehabilitation outcome. Stroke. 1997;28(7):1382–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Collin C, Wade D. Assessing motor impairment after stroke: a pilot reliability study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990;53(7):576–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Young JB, Forster A. The Bradford community stroke trial: results at six months. BMJ. 1992;304(6834):1085–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Sunderland A, Tinson D, Bradley L, Hewer RL. Arm function after stroke. An evaluation of grip strength as a measure of recovery and a prognostic indicator. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52(11):1267–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Forster A, Young J. Incidence and consequences of falls due to stroke: a systematic inquiry. BMJ. 1995;311(6997):83–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. De Souza LH, Ashburn A. Assessment of motor function in people with multiple sclerosis. Physiother Res Int. 1996;1(2):98–111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Haverkamp LJ, Appel V, Appel SH. Natural history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a database population. Validation of a scoring system and a model for survival prediction. Brain. 1995;118(Pt 3):707–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Appel V, Stewart SS, Smith G, Appel SH. A rating scale for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: description and preliminary experience. Ann Neurol. 1987;22(3):328–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Norris Jr FH, Calanchini PR, Fallat RJ, Panchari S, Jewett B. The administration of guanidine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. 1974;24(8):721–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Norris F. Charting the course in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In: Rose F, editor. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. New York: Demos; 1990. p. 83–92.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Pioro E, Brooks B, Cummings J, Schiffer R, Thisted R, Wynn D, et al. Dextromethorphan plus ultra low-dose quinidine reduces pseudobulbar affect. Ann Neurol. 2010;68(5):693–702.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Moore S, Greshman L, Bromberg M, Kasarskis EJ, Smith RA. A self report measure of affective lability. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;63(1):89–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Miller R et al. A placebo-controlled trial of gabapentin in spinal muscular atrophy. J Neurol Sci. 2001;19:127–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Elsheikh B et al. An analysis of disease severity based on SMN2 copy number in adults with spinal muscular atrophy. Muscle Nerve. 2009;40(4):652–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Andres PL, Hedlund W, Finison L, Conlon T, Felmus M, Munsat TL. Quantitative motor assessment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. 1986;36:937–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Guiloff R, Goonetilleke A. Longitudinal clinical assessments in motor neuron disease. Relevance to clinical trials. In: Rose F, ­editor. From Charcot to the present and into the future. The Forbes H. Norris memorial volume (1928–1933). 1994. p. 73–82.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Tourtellotte W, Haerer A, Simpson J, et al. Quantitative clinical neurological testing 1. A study of a battery of tests designed to evaluate in part the neurological function of patients with multiple sclerosis and its use in a therapeutic trial. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1965;122:480–505.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Jackson C, Barohn R, Gronseth G, et al. Inclusion body myositis functional rating scale: a reliable and valid measure of disease severity. Muscle Nerve. 2008;37:473–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Ruperto N, Ravelli A, Pistorio A, et al. The provisional Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization/American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism disease activity core set for the evaluation of response to therapy in juvenile dermatomyositis: a prospective validation study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59:4–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Rider L, Werth V, Huber A, et al. Measures of adult and juvenile dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and inclusion body myositis. Arthritis Care Res. 2011;63(S11):S118–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Burns T. History of outcome measures in myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2010;42:5–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Tindall RS, Phillips JT, Rollins JA, Wells L, Hall K. A clinical ­therapeutic trial of cyclosporine in myasthenia gravis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993;681:539–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Burns T, Conaway M, Cutter G, Sanders D. The construction of an efficient evaluative instrument for myasthenia gravis: the MG Composite. Muscle Nerve. 2008;38:1553–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Burns T, Conaway M, Sanders D, MG Composite and MG-QOL15 Study Group. The MG Composite: a valid and reliable outcome measure for myasthenia gravis. Neurology. 2010;74:1434–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Qureshi AI, Choudhry MA, Akbar MS, Mohammad Y, Chua HC, Yahia AM, et al. Plasma exchange versus intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in myasthenic crisis. Neurology. 1999;52(3):629–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Gajdos P, Chevret S, Clair B, Tranchant C, Chastang C, MGCS Group. Clinical trial of plasma exchange and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in myasthenia gravis. Ann Neurol. 1997;41(6):789–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Hughes RA, Newsom-Davis JM, Perkin GD, Pierce JM. Controlled trial prednisolone in acute polyneuropathy. Lancet. 1978;2(8093):750–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Kleyweg RP, van der Meche FG, Schmitz PI. Interobserver agreement in the assessment of muscle strength and functional abilities in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 1991;14(11):1103–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Hughes R, Bensa S, Willison H, et al. Randomized controlled trial of intravenous immunoglobulin versus oral prednisolone in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Ann Neurol. 2001;50:195–201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Merkies I. Evaluation of scales and measurement instruments in immune-mediated neuropathies. PhD thesis. Rotterdam: Erasmus University; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Shy M, Blake J, Krajewski K, et al. Reliability and validity of the CMT neuropathy score as a measure of disability. Neurology. 2005;64:1209–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Graham R, Hughes R. A modified peripheral neuropathy scale: the overall neuropathy limitations scale. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77:973–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Gruener G, Dyck PJ. Quantitative sensory testing: methodology, applications, and future directions. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1994;11(6):568–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Proceedings of a consensus development conference on standardized measures in diabetic neuropathy. Electrodiagnostic measures. Neurology. 1992;42(9):1827–9.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Dyck PJ, Litchy WJ, Kratz KM, Suarez GA, Low PA, Pineda AA, et al. A plasma exchange versus immune globulin infusion trial in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Ann Neurol. 1994;36(6):838–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Dyck PJ, Davies JL, Litchy WJ, O’Brien PC. Longitudinal assessment of diabetic polyneuropathy using a composite score in the Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study cohort. Neurology. 1997;49(1):229–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Dyck PJ, Peroutka S, Rask C, Burton E, Baker MK, Lehman KA, et al. Intradermal recombinant human nerve growth factor induces pressure allodynia and lowered heat-pain threshold in humans. Neurology. 1997;48(2):501–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Dyck PJ, O’Brien PC, Kosanke JL, Gillen DA, Karnes JL. A 4, 2, and 1 stepping algorithm for quick and accurate estimation of cutaneous sensation threshold. Neurology. 1993;43(8):1508–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Kennedy W, Sakuta M, Sutherland D, Goetz F. Quantitation of the sweating deficiency in diabetes mellitus. Ann Neurol. 1984;15:482–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Kennedy W, Sakuta M, Sutherland D, Goetz F. The sweating deficiency in diabetes mellitus: methods of quantitative and clinical correlation. Neurology. 1984;34:758–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. http://www.neurology.upmc.edu/neuromuscular/patient_info/testing.html. Accessed 1 July 2012.

  80. Russell JW, Karnes JL, Dyck PJ. Sural nerve myelinated fiber density differences associated with meaningful changes in clinical and electrophysiologic measurements. J Neurol Sci. 1996;135(2):114–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Dyck PJ, O’Brien PC. Meaningful degrees of prevention or improvement of nerve conduction in controlled clinical trials of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 1989;12(9):649–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Ashworh B. Preliminary trial of carisoprodol in multiple sclerosis. Practitioner. 1964;192:540–2.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Bohannon RW, Smith MB. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther. 1987;67(2):206–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Rochester DF, Esau SA. Assessment of ventilatory function in patients with neuromuscular disease. Clin Chest Med. 1994;15(4):751–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Stambler N, Charatan M, Cedarbaum J. Prognostic indicators of survival in ALS. Neurology. 1998;50:66–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Schiffman PL, Belsh JM. Pulmonary function at diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Rate of deterioration. Chest. 1993;103(2):508–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Rosenfeld J, Blythe A, Johnson B, King R. Tidal volume may be a better index of respiratory function than forced vital capacity in patients with motor neuron disease. In: 10th International symposium on ALS/MND. Canada: Vancouver; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Kleopa KA, Sherman M, Neal B, Romano GJ, Heiman-Patterson T. Bipap improves survival and rate of pulmonary function decline in patients with ALS [see comments]. J Neurol Sci. 1999;164(1):82–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Grippi M, Metzger L, Sacks A, Fishman A. Pulmonary function testing. In: Fishman A, editor. Fishman’s pulmonary diseases and disorders. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1998. p. 533–74.

    Google Scholar 

  90. ALS CNTF Treatment Study Group. A double-blind placebo-­controlled clinical trial of subcutaneous recombinant human ­ciliary neurotrophic factor (rHCNTF) in amyotrophic lateral ­sclerosis. Neurology. 1996;46(5):1244–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Mendell JR, Moxley RT, Griggs RC, Brooke MH, Fenichel GM, Miller JP, et al. Randomized, double-blind six-month trial of prednisone in Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy. N Eng J Med. 1989;320(24):1592–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Dyck PJ, Daube J, O’Brien P, Pineda A, Low PA, Windebank AJ, et al. Plasma exchange in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. N Eng J Med. 1986;314(8):461–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Black LF, Hyatt RE. Maximal respiratory pressures: normal values and relationship to age and sex. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1969;99(5):696–702.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Black LF, Hyatt RE. Maximal static respiratory pressures in ­generalized neuromuscular disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1971;103(5):641–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Fallat RJ, Jewitt B, Bass M, Kamm B, Norris Jr FH. Spirometry in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 1979;36(2):74–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Sadjadi R, Vincent K, Carr A, et al. Validation of the individualized neuromuscular quality of life for the USA with comparison of the impact of muscle disease on those living in the USA versus UK. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2011;9:114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Vincent K, Carr A, Walburn J, et al. Construction and validation of a quality of life questionnaire for neuromuscular disease (INQoL). Neurology. 2007;68:1051–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Stewart A, Ware JE. Measuring functioning and well-being. Durham: Duke University Press; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Ware Jr JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. 1992;30(6):473–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Stewart A, Hayes R, Ware J. The MOS short form general health survey. Reliability and validity in a patient population. Med Care. 1988;26(7):724.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Brazier JE, Harper R, Jones NM, O’Cathain A, Thomas KJ, Usherwood T, et al. Validating the SF-36 health survey questionnaire: new outcome measure for primary care. BMJ. 1992;305(6846):160–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Hayes V, Morris J, Wolfe C, Morgan M. The SF-36 health survey questionnaire: is it suitable for use with older adults? Age Ageing. 1995;24(2):120–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Stucki G, Liang MH, Phillips C, Katz JN. The Short Form-36 is preferable to the SIP as a generic health status measure in patients undergoing elective total hip arthroplasty. Arthritis Care Res. 1995;8(3):174–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Keith RA. Functional status and health status. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75(4):478–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Ware Jr J, Kosinski M, Keller SD. A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med Care. 1996;34(3):220–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Bergner M, Bobbitt RA, Carter WB, Gilson BS. The Sickness Impact Profile: development and final revision of a health status measure. Med Care. 1981;19(8):787–805.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Bowling A. Measuring health: a review of quality of life measurement scales. Philadelphia: Open University Press; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Skinner A. The Sickness Impact Profile scoring manual. Boston: Medical Outcomes Trust; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  109. McGuire D, Garrison L, Armon C, Barohn R, Bryan W, Miller R, et al. Relationship of the Tufts Quantitative Neuromuscular Exam (TQNE) and the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) in measuring progression of ALS. Neurology. 1996;46(5):1442–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. McGuire D, Garrison L, Armon C, Barohn RJ, Bryan WW, Miller R, et al. A brief quality-of-life measure for ALS clinical ­trials based on a subset of items from the sickness impact profile. J Neurol Sci. 1997;152 Suppl 1Suppl 1:S18–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Wilkin D, Hallam L, Doggett MA. Measures of need and outcome for primary health care. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  112. O’Boyle C, McGee H, Hickey A, Joyce C, Brown J, O’Malley K. The schedule for the evaluation of individual quality of life. Dublin; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  113. O’Boyle C, Brown J, Hickey A, McGee H, Joyce C. Manual for the SEIQoL-DW. Dublin; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Cohen S, Mount B, Bruera E, et al. Validity of the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire in the palliative care setting: a multi-centre Canadian study demonstrating the importance of the existential domain. Palliat Med. 1997;11:3–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Cohen S, Mount B, Strobel M, et al. The McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire: a measure of quality of life appropriate for people with advanced disease. A preliminary study of validity and acceptability. Palliat Med. 1995;9(3):207–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Rosenfeld J, King RM, Jackson CE, Bedlack RS, Barohn RJ, Dick A, et al. Creatine monohydrate in ALS: effects on strength, fatigue, respiratory status and ALSFRS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2008;9(5):266–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Gordon PH, Moore DH, Miller RG, Florence JM, Verheijde JL, Doorish C, et al. Efficacy of minocycline in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a phase III randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(12):1045–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Cudkowicz ME, Shefner JM, Schoenfeld DA, Brown Jr RH, Johnson H, Qureshi M, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. 2003;61(4):456–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Cudkowicz ME, Shefner JM, Schoenfeld DA, Zhang H, Andreasson KI, Rothstein JD, et al. Trial of celecoxib in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2006;60(1):22–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. BDNF Study Group. A controlled trial of recombinant methionyl human BDNF in ALS: The BDNF Study Group (Phase III). Neurology. 1999;52(7):1427–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Anonymous. A controlled trial of recombinant methionyl human BDNF in ALS: the BDNF Study Group (phase III). Neurology. 1999;52:1427–33, 1422.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Meininger V, Bensimon G, Bradley WR, Brooks B, Douillet P, Eisen AA, et al. Efficacy and safety of xaliproden in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: results of two phase III trials. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2004;5(2):107–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Miller RG, 2nd Moore DH, Gelinas DF, Dronsky V, Mendoza M, Barohn RJ, et al. Phase III randomized trial of gabapentin in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. 2001;56(7):843–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Lai EC, Felice KJ, Festoff BW, Gawel MJ, Gelinas DF, Kratz R, et al. Effect of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I on progression of ALS. A placebo-controlled study. The North America ALS/IGF-I Study Group. Neurology. 1997;49(6):1621–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Borasio GD, Robberecht W, Leigh PN, Emile J, Guiloff RJ, Jerusalem F, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of insulin-like growth factor-I in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. European ALS/IGF-I Study Group. Neurology. 1998;51(2):583–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Miller RG, Petajan JH, Bryan WW, Armon C, Barohn RJ, Goodpasture JC, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic (rhCNTF) factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 1996;39(2):256–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Louwerse ES, Weverling GJ, Bossuyt PM, Meyjes FE, de Jong JM. Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of acetylcysteine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 1995;52(6):559–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Lacomblez L, Bensimon G, Leigh PN, Guillet P, Meininger V. Dose-ranging study of riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Riluzole Study Group II [see comments]. Lancet. 1996;347(9013):1425–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Bensimon GB, Lacomblez L, Meninger V. A controlled trial of riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(9):585–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Lange DJ, Murphy PL, Diamond B, Appel V, Lai EC, Younger DS, et al. Selegiline is ineffective in a collaborative double-blind, ­placebo-controlled trial for treatment of amyotrophic lateral ­sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 1998;55(1):93–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Miller RG, Smith SA, Murphy JR, Brinkmann JR, Graves J, Mendoza M, et al. A clinical trial of verapamil in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve. 1996;19(4):511–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Miller RG, Shepherd R, Dao H, Khramstov A, Mendoza M, Graves J, et al. Controlled trial of nimodipine in amyotrophic ­lateral sclerosis. Neuromuscul Disord. 1996;6(2):101–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Brooks B, Sufit R, Montgomery G, et al. Intravenous thyrotropin releasing hormone in patients with ALS: dose response and ­randomized concurrent placebo-controlled pilot studies. Neurol Clin. 1987;5:143–58.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Olarte MR, Shafer SQ. Levamisole is ineffective in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. 1985;35(7):1063–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Bradley WG, Hedlund W, Cooper C, Desousa GJ, Gabbai A, Mora JS, et al. A double-blind controlled trial of bovine brain ­gangliosides in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. 1984;34(8):1079–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Drachman DB, Chaudhry V, Cornblath D, Kuncl RW, Pestronk A, Clawson L, et al. Trial of immunosuppression in amyotrophic ­lateral sclerosis using total lymphoid irradiation [see comments]. Ann Neurol. 1994;35(2):142–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. The Italian ALS Study Group. Branched-chain amino acids and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a treatment failure? Neurology. 1993;43(12):2466–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. Eckland DJ, Modarres-Sadeghi H, Lightman SL, Guiloff RJ. The effects of repeated administration of a long acting TRH ­analogue (RX77368), on TSH, T4, T3 and prolactin in patients with motor neuron disease [letter]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990;53(9):803–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Angelini C, Pegoraro E, Turella E, Intino MT, Pini A, Costa C. Deflazacort in Duchenne dystrophy: study of long-term effect [published erratum appears in Muscle Nerve 1994 Jul;17(7):833]. Muscle Nerve. 1994;17(4):386–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Kissel JT, McDermott MP, Natarajan R, Mendell JR, Pandya S, King WM, et al. Pilot trial of albuterol in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. FSH-DY Group. Neurology. 1998;50(5):1402–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Dalakas MC, Sonies B, Dambrosia J, Sekul E, Cupler E, Sivakumar K. Treatment of inclusion-body myositis with IVIg: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neurology. 1997;48(3):712–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Amato AA, Barohn RJ, Jackson CE, Pappert EJ, Sahenk Z, Kissel JT. Inclusion body myositis: treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin. Neurology. 1994;44(8):1516–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Leff RL, Miller FW, Hicks J, Fraser DD, Plotz PH. The treatment of inclusion body myositis: a retrospective review and a randomized, prospective trial of immunosuppressive therapy. Medicine. 1993;72(4):225–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Bunch TW, Worthington JW, Combs JJ, Ilstrup DM, Engel AG. Azathioprine with prednisone for polymyositis. A controlled, clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 1980;92(3):365–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Heatwole C, Eichinger K, Freidman D, et al. A clinical trial of the safety and activity of recombinant human insulin-like growth ­factor 1/recombinant human insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 in myotonic dystrophy type 1. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(1):337–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. Amato A, Tawil R, McDermott M, et al. A randomized, pilot trial of etanercept in dermatomyositis. Ann Neurol. 2011. doi:10.1002/ana.22477.

  147. Cornblath DR, Chaudhry V, Griffin JW. Treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy with intravenous immunoglobulin. Ann Neurol. 1991;30(1):104–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Gorson KC, Ropper AH, Clark BD, Dew 3rd RB, Simovic D, Allam G. Treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating ­polyneuropathy with interferon-alpha 2a. Neurology. 1998;50(1):84–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Meche VD, Schmitz PI. A randomized trial comparing intravenous immune globulin and plasma exchange in Guillain-Barre syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(17):1123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Plasma Exchange/Sandoglobulin Guillain-Barre Syndrome Trial Group. Randomised trial of plasma exchange, intravenous immunoglobulin, and combined treatments in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Lancet. 1997;349(9047):225–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. Dyck PJ, Low PA, Windebank AJ, Jaradeh SS, Gosselin S, Bourque P, et al. Plasma exchange in polyneuropathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N Eng J Med. 1991;325(21):1482–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Dyck PJ, Kratz KM, Lehman KA, Karnes JL, Melton LJ, O’Brien PC, et al. The Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study: design, criteria for types of neuropathy, selection bias, and ­reproducibility of neuropathic tests. Neurology. 1991;41(6):799–807.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Gorson KC, Allam G, Ropper AH. Chronic inflammatory ­demyelinating polyneuropathy: clinical features and response to treatment in 67 consecutive patients with and without a monoclonal gammopathy. Neurology. 1997;48(2):321–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Barnett MH, Pollard JD, Davies L, McLeod JG. Cyclosporin A in resistant chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 1998;21(4):454–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Hughes R, Donofrio P, Bril V, Dalakas M, Deng C, Hanna K, et al. Intravenous immune globulin (10 % caprylate-chromatography purified) for the treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (ICE study): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. [Erratum appears in Lancet Neurol. 2008 Sep;7(9):771]. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(2):136–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Group MGCS. A randomised clinical trial comparing prednisone and azathioprine in myasthenia gravis. Results of the second interim analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56(11):1157–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  157. Wolfe G, Barohn R, Foster B, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of intravenous immunoglobulin in myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2002;26(4):549–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. The Muscle Study Group. A trial of mycophenolate mofetil with prednisone as initial immunotherapy in myasthenia gravis. Neurology. 2008;71:394–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Barth D, Nabavi Nouri M, Ng E, et al. Comparison of IVIg and PLEX in patients with myasthenia gravis. Neurology. 2011;76:2017–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jeffrey Rosenfeld PhD, MD, FAAN .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rosenfeld, J., Jackson, C.E. (2014). Outcome Measures and Clinical Assessment Instruments in Neuromuscular Disease. In: Katirji, B., Kaminski, H., Ruff, R. (eds) Neuromuscular Disorders in Clinical Practice. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6567-6_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6567-6_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-6566-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-6567-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics