Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Refractory Partial Epilepsy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pharmacoresistance in Epilepsy

Abstract

This chapter reviews the principles of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) concerning its potential clinical use in diagnosis and therapy in medically intractable epilepsies. After introducing basic principles, stimulation protocols, and risks, TMS applications in epilepsies are summarized. Next, we discuss several clinical trials and animal studies, which show how low-frequency repetitive TMS (rTMS) may reduce seizure frequency and epileptiform discharges, mainly in focal epilepsy patients with neocortical epileptogenic zones such as malformations of cortical development. Lastly, we address some TMS effects on neurofunctional imaging. We conclude that rTMS should be considered one of the future noninvasive, relatively safe, and inexpensive therapeutic methods in patients with medically intractable epilepsies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abou-Khalil BW. Do we need EEGs after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery, and how many? Epilepsy Curr. 2012;12:29–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aguglia U, Gambardella A, Quartarone A, Girlanda P, Le PE, Messina D, et al. Interhemispheric threshold differences in idiopathic generalized epilepsies with versive or circling seizures determined with focal magnetic transcranial stimulation. Epilepsy Res. 2000;40:1–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akamatsu N, Fueta Y, Endo Y, Matsunaga K, Uozumi T, Tsuji S. Decreased susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures after low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2001;310:153–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albensi BC, Ata G, Schmidt E, Waterman JD, Janigro D. Activation of long-term synaptic plasticity causes suppression of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal slices. Brain Res. 2004;998:56–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexopoulos AV, Gonugunta V, Yang J, Boulis NM. Electrical stimulation and gene-based ­neuromodulation for control of medically-refractory epilepsy. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2007;97:293–309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Otaibi F, Al-Khairallah T. Functional neurosurgery. The modulation of neural and mind circuits. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2012;17:16–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Otaibi FA, Hamani C, Lozano AM. Neuromodulation in epilepsy. Neurosurgery. 2011;69:957–79.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anschel DJ, Pascual-Leone A, Holmes GL. Anti-kindling effect of slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2003;351:9–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Badawy RA, Macdonell RA, Jackson GD, Berkovic SF. Can changes in cortical excitability distinguish progressive from juvenile myoclonic epilepsy? Epilepsia. 2010;51:2084–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bae EH, Theodore WH, Fregni F, Cantello R, Pascual-Leone A, Rotenberg A. An estimate of placebo effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2011;20:355–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bae EH, Schrader LM, Machii K, Alonso-Alonso M, Riviello Jr JJ, Pascual-Leone A, et al. Safety and tolerability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with epilepsy: a review of the literature. Epilepsy Behav. 2007;10:521–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barker AT, Cain MW. The claimed vasodilatory effect of a commercial permanent magnet foil: results of a double-blind trial. Clin Phys Physiol Meas. 1985;6:261–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basso D, Lotze M, Vitale L, Ferreri F, Bisiacchi P, Olivetti BM, et al. The role of prefrontal cortex in visuo-spatial planning: A repetitive TMS study. Exp Brain Res. 2006;171:411–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benninger DH, Lomarev M, Wassermann EM, Lopez G, Houdayer E, Fasano RE, et al. Safety study of 50 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with Parkinson's disease. Clin Neurophysiol. 2009;120:809–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonato C, Miniussi C, Rossini PM. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and cortical evoked potentials: a TMS/EEG co-registration study. Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;117:1699–707.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonilha L, Martz GU, Glazier SS, Edwards JC. Subtypes of medial temporal lobe epilepsy: influence on temporal lobectomy outcomes? Epilepsia. 2012;53:1–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boutros NN, Berman RM, Hoffman R, Miano AP, Campbell D, Ilmoniemi R. Electroencephalogram and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Depress Anxiety. 2000;12:166–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brasil-Neto JP, de Araujo DP, Teixeira WA, Araujo VP, Boechat-Barros R. Experimental therapy of epilepsy with transcranial magnetic stimulation: lack of additional benefit with prolonged treatment. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2004;62:21–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brighina F, Daniele O, Piazza A, Giglia G, Fierro B. Hemispheric cerebellar rTMS to treat drug-­resistant epilepsy: case reports. Neurosci Lett. 2006;397:229–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodbeck V, Thut G, Spinelli L, Romei V, Tyrand R, Michel CM, et al. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on spike pattern and topography in patients with focal epilepsy. Brain Topogr. 2010;22:267–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brodtmann A, Macdonell RA, Gilligan AK, Curatolo J, Berkovic SF. Cortical excitability and recovery curve analysis in generalized epilepsy. Neurology. 1999;53:1347–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown P, Ridding MC, Werhahn KJ, Rothwell JC, Marsden CD. Abnormalities of the balance between inhibition and excitation in the motor cortex of patients with cortical myoclonus. Brain. 1996;119:309–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cantello R, Rossi S, Varrasi C, Ulivelli M, Civardi C, Bartalini S, et al. Slow repetitive TMS for drug-resistant epilepsy: clinical and EEG findings of a placebo-controlled trial. Epilepsia. 2007;48:366–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caramia MD, Gigli G, Iani C, Desiato MT, Diomedi M, Palmieri MG, et al. Distinguishing forms of generalized epilepsy using magnetic brain stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1996;98:14–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen R, Gerloff C, Classen J, Wassermann EM, Hallett M, Cohen LG. Safety of different inter-­train intervals for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and recommendations for safe ranges of stimulation parameters. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1997;105:415–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen R, Cros D, Curra A, Di Lazzaro V, Lefaucheur JP, Magistris MR, et al. The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee. Clin Neurophysiol. 2008;119:504–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cicinelli P, Mattia D, Spanedda F, Traversa R, Marciani MG, Pasqualetti P, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation reveals an interhemispheric asymmetry of cortical inhibition in focal epilepsy. Neuroreport. 2000;11:701–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cincotta M, Borgheresi A, Gambetti C, Balestrieri F, Rossi L, Zaccara G, et al. Suprathreshold 0.3 Hz repetitive TMS prolongs the cortical silent period: potential implications for therapeutic trials in epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;114:1827–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniele O, Brighina F, Piazza A, Giglia G, Scalia S, Fierro B. Low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with cortical dysplasia – a preliminary study. J Neurol. 2003;250:761–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davies KG, Maxwell RE, Jennum P, Dhuna A, Beniak TE, Destafney E, et al. Language function following subdural grid-directed temporal lobectomy. Acta Neurol Scand. 1994;90:201–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delvaux V, Alagona G, Gerard P, De Pasqua V, Delwaide PJ, Maertens de Noordhout A. Reduced excitability of the motor cortex in untreated patients with de novo idiopathic “grand mal” seizures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;71:772–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dhuna A, Gates J, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with epilepsy. Neurology. 1991;41:1067–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Di Lazarro V, Pilato F, Saturno E, Oliviero A, Dileone M, Mazzone P, et al. Theta-burst repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation suppresses specific excitatory circuits in the human motor cortex. J Physiol. 2005;565:945–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engel Jr J. A greater role for surgical treatment of epilepsy: why and when? Epilepsy Curr. 2003;3:37–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engel J Jr. Intractable epilepsy: definition and neurobiology. Epilepsia. 2001;42 Suppl 6:3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein CM, Woodard JL, Stringer AY, Bakay RA, Henry TR, Pennell PB, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation does not replicate the Wada test. Neurology. 2000;55:1025–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreri F, Pasqualetti P, Maatta S, Ponzo D, Ferrarelli F, Tononi G, et al. Human brain connectivity during single and paired pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuroimage. 2011;54:90–102.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher RS. Therapeutic devices for epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 2012;71:157–68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fregni F, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of depression in neurologic disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2005;7:381–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fregni F, Pascual-Leone A. Technology insight: noninvasive brain stimulation in neurology-­perspectives on the therapeutic potential of rTMS and tDCS. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2007;3:383–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fregni F, Thome-Souza S, Bermpohl F, Marcolin MA, Herzog A, Pascual-Leone A, et al. Antiepileptic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with cortical malformations: an EEG and clinical study. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2005;83:57–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fregni F, Otachi PT, Do VA, Boggio PS, Thut G, Rigonatti SP, et al. A randomized clinical trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with refractory epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 2006;60:447–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerloff C, Bushara K, Sailer A, Wassermann EM, Chen R, Matsuoka T, et al. Multimodal imaging of brain reorganization in motor areas of the contralesional hemisphere of well recovered patients after capsular stroke. Brain. 2006;129:791–808.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez L, Morales L, Trapaga O, Zaldivar M, Sanchez A, Padilla E, et al. Seizure induced by sub-­threshold 10-Hz rTMS in a patient with multiple risk factors. Clin Neurophysiol. 2011;122:1057–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graf T, Engeler J, Achermann P, Mosimann UP, Noss R, Fisch HU, et al. High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left dorsolateral cortex: EEG topography during waking and subsequent sleep. Psychiatry Res. 2001;107:1–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graff-Guerrero A, Gonzales-Olvera J, Ruiz-Garcia M, Avila-Ordonez U, Vaugier V, Garcia-Reyna JC. rTMS reduces focal brain hyperperfusion in two patients with EPC. Acta Neurol Scand. 2004;109:290–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hallett M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a primer. Neuron. 2007;55:187–99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu WY, Cheng CH, Lin MW, Shih YH, Liao KK, Lin YY. Antiepileptic effects of low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a meta-analysis. Epilepsy Res. 2011;96:231–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hufnagel A, Elger CE. Induction of seizures by transcranial magnetic stimulation in epileptic patients. J Neurol. 1991a;238:109–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hufnagel A, Elger CE. 1991b. Responses of the epileptic focus to transcranial magnetic stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl. 1991;43(86–99):86–99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hufnagel A, Elger CE, Durwen HF, Boker DK, Entzian W. Activation of the epileptic focus by transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human brain. Ann Neurol. 1990a;27:49–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hufnagel A, Elger CE, Klingmuller D, Zierz S, Kramer R. Activation of epileptic foci by transcranial magnetic stimulation: effects on secretion of prolactin and luteinizing hormone. J Neurol. 1990b;237:242–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ilmoniemi RJ, Ruohonen J, Virtanen J, Aronen HJ, Karhu J. EEG responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl. 1999;51(22–9):22–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jennum P, Winkel H. Transcranial magnetic stimulation. Its role in the evaluation of patients with partial epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1994;152(93–6):93–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jennum P, Friberg L, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Dam M. Speech localization using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology. 1994;44:269–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joo EY, Han SJ, Chung SH, Cho JW, Seo DW, Hong SB. Antiepileptic effects of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation by different stimulation durations and locations. Clin Neurophysiol. 2007;118:702–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanno M, Chuma T, Mano Y. Monitoring an electroencephalogram for the safe application of therapeutic repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;71:559–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kimiskidis VK. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsies: rationale and clinical experience. Eur Neurol. 2010;63:205–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinoshita M, Ikeda A, Begum T, Yamamoto J, Hitomi T, Shibasaki H. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for seizure suppression in patients with extratemporal lobe epilepsy-a pilot study. Seizure. 2005;14:387–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knecht S, Floel A, Drager B, Breitenstein C, Sommer J, Henningsen H, et al. Degree of language lateralization determines susceptibility to unilateral brain lesions. Nat Neurosci. 2002;5:695–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knoch D, Gianotti LR, Pascual-Leone A, Treyer V, Regard M, Hohmann M, et al. Disruption of right prefrontal cortex by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation induces risk-taking behavior. J Neurosci. 2006;26:6469–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi M, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurology. Lancet Neurol. 2003;2:145–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Komssi S, Kahkonen S. The novelty value of the combined use of electroencephalography and transcranial magnetic stimulation for neuroscience research. Brain Res Rev. 2006;52:183–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kratz O, Studer P, Barth W, Wangler S, Hoegl T, Heinrich H, et al. Seizure in a nonpredisposed individual induced by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. J ECT. 2011;27:48–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loo CK, McFarquhar TF, Mitchell PB. A review of the safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a clinical treatment for depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;11:131–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonell RA, King MA, Newton MR, Curatolo JM, Reutens DC, Berkovic SF. Prolonged cortical silent period after transcranial magnetic stimulation in generalized epilepsy. Neurology. 2001;57:706–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manganotti P, Tamburin S, Zanette G, Fiaschi A. Hyperexcitable cortical responses in progressive myoclonic epilepsy: a TMS study. Neurology. 2001;57:1793–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menkes DL, Gruenthal M. Slow-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a patient with focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia. 2000;41:240–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michelucci R, Valzania F, Passarelli D, Santangelo M, Rizzi R, Buzzi AM, et al. Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation and hemispheric language dominance: usefulness and safety in epilepsy. Neurology. 1994;44:1697–700.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Misawa S, Kuwabara S, Shibuya K, Mamada K, Hattori T. Low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation for epilepsia partialis continua due to cortical dysplasia. J Neurol Sci. 2005;234:37–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morales LM, Sanchez C, Bender JE, Bosch J, Garcia ME, Garcia I, et al. A neurofunctional evaluation strategy for presurgical selection of temporal lobe epilepsy patients. MEDICC Rev. 2009;11:29–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muellbacher W, Artner C, Mamoli B. Motor evoked potentials in unilateral lingual paralysis after monohemispheric ischaemia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65:755–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakken KO, Kostov H, Ramm-Pettersen A, Heminghyt E, Bakke SJ, Nedregaard B, et al. [Epilepsy surgery – assessment and patient selection]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2012;132:1614–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nitsche MA, Paulus W. Noninvasive brain stimulation protocols in the treatment of epilepsy: current state and perspectives. Neurotherapeutics. 2009;6:244–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nitsche MA, Liebetanz D, Tergau F, Paulus W. [Modulation of cortical excitability by transcranial direct current stimulation]. Nervenarzt. 2002;73:332–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascual-Leone A, Pridmore H. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1995;29:698.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pascual-Leone A, Gates JR, Dhuna A. Induction of speech arrest and counting errors with rapid-­rate transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology. 1991;41:697–702.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pascual-Leone A, Houser CM, Reese K, Shotland LI, Grafman J, Sato S, et al. Safety of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation in normal volunteers. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1993;89:120–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pascual-Leone A, Valls-Sole J, Wassermann EM, Hallett M. Responses to rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Brain. 1994;117:847–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pascual-Leone A, Tormos JM, Keenan J, Tarazona F, Canete C, Catala MD. Study and modulation of human cortical excitability with transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1998;15:333–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pascual-Leone A, Tarazona F, Keenan J, Tormos JM, Hamilton R, Catala MD. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and neuroplasticity. Neuropsychologia. 1999;37:207–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reutens DC, Berkovic SF. Increased cortical excitability in generalised epilepsy demonstrated with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Lancet. 1992;339:362–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reutens DC, Berkovic SF, Macdonell RA, Bladin PF. Magnetic stimulation of the brain in generalized epilepsy: reversal of cortical hyperexcitability by anticonvulsants. Ann Neurol. 1993;34:351–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson MP, Lopes da Silva FH. TMS studies of preictal cortical excitability change. Epilepsy Res. 2011;97:273–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ridding MC, Rothwell JC. Is there a future for therapeutic use of transcranial magnetic stimulation? Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007;8:559–67.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson EM, Theoret H, Pascual-Leone A. Studies in cognition: the problems solved and created by transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Cogn Neurosci. 2003;15:948–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rolston JD, Englot DJ, Wang DD, Shih T, Chang EF. Comparison of seizure control outcomes and the safety of vagus nerve, thalamic deep brain, and responsive neurostimulation: evidence from randomized controlled trials. Neurosurg Focus. 2012;32:E14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi S, Ulivelli M, Bartalini S, Galli R, Passero S, Battistini N, et al. Reduction of cortical myoclonus-­related epileptic activity following slow-frequency rTMS. Neuroreport. 2004;15:293–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A. Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clin Neurophysiol. 2009;120:2008–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rossini PM, Rossi S. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: diagnostic, therapeutic, and research potential. Neurology. 2007;68:484–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rotenberg A, Pascual-Leone A. Safety of 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in patients with titanium skull plates. Clin Neurophysiol. 2009;120:1417.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rotenberg A, Depositario-Cabacar D, Bae EH, Harini C, Pascual-Leone A, Takeoka M. Transient suppression of seizures by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a case of Rasmussen's encephalitis. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;13:260–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rotenberg A, Bae EH, Takeoka M, Tormos JM, Schachter SC, Pascual-Leone A. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of epilepsia partialis continua. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;14:253–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saisanen L, Kononen M, Julkunen P, Maatta S, Vanninen R, Immonen A, et al. Non-invasive preoperative localization of primary motor cortex in epilepsy surgery by navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation. Epilepsy Res. 2010;92:134–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santiago-Rodriguez E, Cardenas-Morales L, Harmony T, Fernandez-Bouzas A, Porras-Kattz E, Hernandez A. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation decreases the number of seizures in patients with focal neocortical epilepsy. Seizure. 2008;17:677–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schiller Y, Bankirer Y. Cellular mechanisms underlying antiepileptic effects of low- and high-­frequency electrical stimulation in acute epilepsy in neocortical brain slices in vitro. J Neurophysiol. 2007;97:1887–902.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schuler P, Claus D, Stefan H. Hyperventilation and transcranial magnetic stimulation: two methods of activation of epileptiform EEG activity in comparison. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1993;10:111–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulze-Bonhage A, Scheufler K, Zentner J, Elger CE. Safety of single and repetitive focal transcranial magnetic stimuli as assessed by intracranial EEG recordings in patients with partial epilepsy. J Neurol. 1999;246:914–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siebner HR, Bergmann TO, Bestmann S, Massimini M, Johansen-Berg H, Mochizuki H, et al. Consensus paper: combining transcranial stimulation with neuroimaging. Brain Stimul. 2009;2:58–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staudt M. The role of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the characterization of congenital hemiparesis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010;52:113–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun W, Fu W, Mao W, Wang D, Wang Y. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of refractory partial epilepsy. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2011;42:40–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tassinari CA, Cincotta M, Zaccara G, Michelucci R. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;114:777–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tellez-Zenteno JF, Wiebe S. Long-term seizure and psychosocial outcomes of epilepsy surgery. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2008;10:253–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tergau F, Naumann U, Paulus W, Steinhoff BJ. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves intractable epilepsy. Lancet. 1999;353:2209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tergau F, Neumann D, Rosenow F, Nitsche MA, Paulus W, Steinhoff B. Can epilepsies be improved by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation? Interim analysis of a controlled study. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;56(400–5):400–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Theodore WH. Handbook of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Edited by A. Pascual-Leone, N.J. Davey, J. Rothwell, E.M. Wasseran, B.K. Puri. Epilepsy Behav. 2002;3:404.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Theodore WH. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in epilepsy. Epilepsy Curr. 2003;3:191–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Theodore WH, Hunter K, Chen R, Vega-Bermudez F, Boroojerdi B, Reeves-Tyer P, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of seizures: a controlled study. Neurology. 2002;59:560–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thut G, Pascual-Leone A. A review of combined TMS-EEG studies to characterize lasting effects of repetitive TMS and assess their usefulness in cognitive and clinical neuroscience. Brain Topogr. 2010;22:219–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thut G, Northoff G, Ives JR, Kamitani Y, Pfennig A, Kampmann F, et al. Effects of single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on functional brain activity: a combined event-related TMS and evoked potential study. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003a;114:2071–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thut G, Theoret H, Pfennig A, Ives J, Kampmann F, Northoff G, et al. Differential effects of low-­frequency rTMS at the occipital pole on visual-induced alpha desynchronization and visual-­evoked potentials. Neuroimage. 2003b;18:334–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uijl SG, Leijten FS, Moons KG, Veltman EP, Ferrier CH, van Donselaar CA. Epilepsy surgery can help many more adult patients with intractable seizures. Epilepsy Res. 2012;101(3):210–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valzania F, Strafella AP, Tropeani A, Rubboli G, Nassetti SA, Tassinari CA. Facilitation of rhythmic events in progressive myoclonus epilepsy: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Clin Neurophysiol. 1999;110:152–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Velasco F, Velasco M, Velasco AL, Menez D, Rocha L. Electrical stimulation for epilepsy: stimulation of hippocampal foci. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2001;77:223–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang YL, Zhai Y, Huo XL, Zhang JN. [The effect of low frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation on neuropeptide-Y expression and apoptosis of hippocampus neurons in epilepsy rats induced by pilocarpine]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2007;45:1685–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wassermann EM, Blaxton TA, Hoffman EA, Berry CD, Oletsky H, Pascual-Leone A, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dominant hemisphere can disrupt visual naming in temporal lobe epilepsy patients. Neuropsychologia. 1999;37:537–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Werhahn KJ, Lieber J, Classen J, Noachtar S. Motor cortex excitability in patients with focal epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2000;41:179–89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang S, Xu G, Wang L, Zhang X. Effect of the different winding methods of coil on electromagnetic field during transcranial magnetic stimulation. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2008;4270–3:4270–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zangen A, Roth Y, Voller B, Hallett M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of deep brain regions: evidence for efficacy of the H-coil. Clin Neurophysiol. 2005;116:775–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ziemann U. Transcranial magnetic stimulation at the interface with other techniques: a powerful tool for studying the human cortex. Neuroscientist. 2011;17:368–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank Odalys Morales Chacón and Dr. Erika Brust-Mascher for English assistance and Maria Luisa Rodriguez, Abel Sanchez, Hector Vazquez, and Leticia Neri for their useful cooperation. This work was sponsored by CONACYT (Project 98386).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Clinical Neurophysiology Service, International Center for Neurological Restoration, Ave 25 No 15805 e/158 y 160, Habana, Playa, 11 300, Cuba

    Lilia Maria Morales Chacón, Lázaro Gómez Fernández, Otto Trápaga Quincoses, Genco Marcio Estrada Vinajera, Lourdes Lorigados Pedre & Marilyn Zaldivar Bermudes

  2. Department of Pharmacobiology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City, Mexico

    Luisa Rocha

Authors
  1. Lilia Maria Morales Chacón
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lázaro Gómez Fernández
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Otto Trápaga Quincoses
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Genco Marcio Estrada Vinajera
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Lourdes Lorigados Pedre
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Marilyn Zaldivar Bermudes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Luisa Rocha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lilia Maria Morales Chacón .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Pharmacobiology Department, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City, 07360, Mexico

    Luisa Rocha

  2. , Disciplina de Neurologia Experimental, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Botucatu 740, São Paulo, 04023-900, Brazil

    Esper A. Cavalheiro

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chacón, L.M.M. et al. (2013). Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Refractory Partial Epilepsy. In: Rocha, L., Cavalheiro, E. (eds) Pharmacoresistance in Epilepsy. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6464-8_18

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation