Skip to main content

Bioarchaeology of Individuals: Identity, Social Theory, and Skeletal Analysis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Bioarchaeology

Abstract

There are many methods for the analysis of human remains that are regularly used by bioarchaeologists and forensic anthropologists. Standard analytical procedures involve the assignment of age at death and sex, the diagnosis of diseases, the reconstruction of height and body robusticity, and the determination of antemortem (premortem) and perimortem trauma. These basic analyses provide the identity of individuals. More importantly however is the use of these empirically based bone attributes to be used in the service of answering questions about human behavior. Social theory can be used to frame interesting questions that can be answered using bone data.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Armelagos, G. J., Brown, P. J., & Turner, B. L. (2005). Evolutionary, historical and political economic perspectives on health and disease. Social Sciences and Medicine, 61, 755–765.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Auerbach, B. M. (2011). Reaching great heights: Changes in indigenous stature, body size and body shape with agricultural intensification in North America. In R. Pinhasi & J. T. Stock (Eds.), Human bioarchaeology of the transition to agriculture (pp. 203–233). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Aufderheide, A. C., & Rodríguez-Martin, C. (2003). The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology (reprint edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, R., Kuzawa, C. W., McDade, T. W., & Armelagos, G. J. (1998). Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases: The third epidemologic transition. Annual Review of Anthropology, 27, 247–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bass, W. M. (2005). Human osteology: A laboratory and field manual (5th ed.). Columbia: Missouri Archaeological Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baustian, K. M. (2010). Health status of infants and children from the bronze age tomb at Tell Abraq, United Arab Emirates. MA thesis, University of Nevada, Las Vegas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, M., Toumi, H., Ralphs, J. R., Bydder, G., Best, T. M., & Milz, S. (2006). Where tendons and ligaments meet bone: Attachment sites (‘entheses’) in relation to exercise and/or mechanical load. Journal of Anatomy, 208, 471–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birkby, W. H., Fenton, T. W., & Anderson, B. E. (2008). Identifying southwest Hispanics using nonmetric traits and the cultural profile. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53(1), 29–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, S., & Suchey, J. (1990). Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: A comparison of the Acsadi-Nemskeri and Suchey-Brooks methods. Human Evolution, 5(3), 227–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buckberry, J. L., & Chamberlain, A. T. (2002). Age estimation from the auricular surface of the ilium: A revised method. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 119(3), 231–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buikstra, J. E., & Ubelaker, D. H. (1994). Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Fayetteville: Arkansas Archaeological Survey, Research Series, No. 44. A copy of standards is required in order to fill out these forms accurately. It may be obtained from the Arkansas Archeological Survey, 2475 N. Hatch Ave., Fayetteville, AR 72704, http://www.uark.edu/campus-resources/archinfo/.

  • Capasso, L., Kennedy, K. A. R., & Wilczak, C. A. (1999). Atlas of occupational markers on human remains. Teramo: Edigrafital S.P.A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardoso, H. F. (2007). Environmental effects on skeletal versus dental development: Using a documented subadult skeletal sample to test a basic assumption in human osteological research. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 132(2), 223–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M. N., & Armelagos, G. J. (1984). Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture. Orlando: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, T. M., III. (1994). Size and shape of the femur and tibia in northern plains. In R. L. Jantz & D. W. Owsley (Eds.), Skeletal biology in the great plains: Migration, warfare, health, and subsistence (pp. 219–233). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Díaz-Andreu, M., & Lucy, S. (2005). Introduction. In M. Díaz-Andreu, S. Lucy, S. Babić, & D. N. Edwards (Eds.), The archaeology of identity: Approaches to gender, age, status, ethnicity and religion. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiGangi, E. A., & Moore, M. K. (2012). Research methods in human skeletal biology. Oxford: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, W. N. (2012). Biological distance analysis in contexts of ritual violence. In D. L. Martin, R. P. Harrod, & V. R. Pérez (Eds.), The bioarchaeology of violence (pp. 251–275). Gainesville: University of Florida Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • El-Najjar, M. Y., & McWilliams, K. R. (1978). Forensic anthropology: The structure, morphology, and variation of human bone and dentition. Springfield: Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eshed, V., Gopher, A., Galili, E., & Hershkovitz, I. (2004). Musculoskeletal stress markers in Natufian hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers in the Levant: The upper limb. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 123, 303–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eshed, V., Gopher, A., & Hershkovitz, I. (2006). Tooth wear and dental pathology at the advent of agriculture: New evidence from the Levant. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 130, 145–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, D. (2010). Forensic age estimation in human skeletal remains: Current concepts and future directions. Legal Medicine, 12(1), 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, A. H., & Martin, D. L. (2002). Reconstructing health profiles from skeletal remains. In R. H. Steckel & J. C. Rose (Eds.), Backbone of history: Health and nutrition in the western hemisphere (pp. 11–60). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, A. H., & Rose, J. C. (1991). Dental enamel hypoplasias as indicators of nutritional status. In M. A. Kelley & C. S. Larsen (Eds.), Advances in dental anthropology (pp. 279–293). New York: Wiley-Liss.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, S., & Greenberg, M. (2001). Handbook of neurosurgery (5th ed.). New York: Thieme.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halcrow, S. E., & Tayles, N. (2008). The bioarchaeological investigation of childhood and social age: Problems and prospects. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 15, 190–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillson, S. W. (1996). Dental anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hong, L., Levy, S. M., Warren, J. J., & Broffitt, B. (2009). Association between enamel hypoplasia and dental caries in primary second molars: A cohort study. Caries Research, 43(5), 345–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, F. E. (1962). Growth of long bones of infants and young children at Indian Knoll. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 20(3), 249–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Judd, M. A. (2002). Ancient injury recidivism: An example from the Kerma period of Ancient Nubia. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 12, 89–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jurmain, R., Cardoso, F. A., Henderson, C., & Villotte, S. (2012). Bioarchaeology’s Holy Grail: The reconstruction of activity. In A. L. Grauer (Ed.), A companion to paleopathology (pp. 531–552). Malden: Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katzenberg, M. A., & Saunders, S. R. (2008). Biological anthropology of the human skeleton (2nd ed.). Hoboken: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Koziol, K. M. (2012). Performances of imposed status: Captivity at Cahokia. In D. L. Martin, R. P. Harrod, & V. R. Pérez (Eds.), The bioarchaeology of violence (pp. 226–250). Gainesville: University of Florida Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • L’Abbé, E. N., Van Rooyen, C., Nawrocki, S. P., & Becker, P. J. (2011). An evaluation of non-metric cranial traits used to estimate ancestry in a South African sample. Forensic Science International, 209(1–3), 195.e191–195.e197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. E. (2006). The bioarchaeology of children: Perspectives from biological and evolutionary anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lieverse, A. R., Bazaliiski, V. I., Goriunova, O. I., & Weber, A. W. (2009). Upper limb musculoskeletal stress markers among middle Holocene foragers of Siberia’s Cis-Baikal region. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 138, 458–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Little, M. A., & Gray, S. J. (1990). Growth of young nomadic and settled Turkana children. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, New Series,4 (3, Steps toward an Integrative Medical Anthropology), 296–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorber, J., & Martin, P. Y. (2011). The socially constructed body: Insights from feminist theory. In P. Kvisto (Ed.), Illuminating social life: Classical and contemporary theory revisited (5th ed., pp. 183–206). Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovejoy, C. O., Meindl, R. S., Pryzbeck, T. R., & Mensforth, R. P. (1985). Chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium: A new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 68(1), 15–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lukacs, J. R. (1996). Sex differences in dental caries rates with the origin of agriculture in South Asia. Current Anthropology, 37(1), 147–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maresh, M. M. (1955). Linear growth of the long bone of extremities from infancy through adolescence. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 89, 725–742.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mariotti, V., Facchini, F., & Belcastro, M. G. (2007). The study of entheses: Proposal of a standardised scoring method for twenty-three entheses of the postcranial skeleton. Collegium Antropologicum, 31(1), 291–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D. L., Akins, N. J., Crenshaw, B. J., & Stone, P. K. (2008). Inscribed on the body, written in the bones: The consequences of social violence at La Plata. In D. L. Nichols & P. L. Crown (Eds.), Social violence in the prehispanic American southwest (pp. 98–122). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D. L., Akins, N. J., Goodman, A. H., & Swedlund, A. C. (2001). Harmony and discord: Bioarchaeology of the La Plata Valley. Totah: Time and the rivers flowing excavations in the La Plata Valley (Vol. 242). Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico, Office of Archaeological Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D. L., Goodman, A. H., Armelagos, G. J., & Magennis, A. L. (1991). Black Mesa Anasazi health: Reconstructing life from patterns of death and disease. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D. L., Harrod, R. P., & Fields, M. (2010). Beaten down and worked to the bone: Bioarchaeological investigations of women and violence in the ancient Southwest. Landscapes of Violence,1(1), Article 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merbs, C. F. (1983). Patterns of activity-induced pathology in a Canadian Inuit population. Paper presented at the Archaeological Survey of Canada Mercury Series, No. 119, Hull

    Google Scholar 

  • Minot, C. S. (1907). The problem of age, growth, and death. The Popular Science Monthly, 71, 509523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mummert, A., Esche, E., Robinson, J., & Armelagos, G. J. (2011). Stature and robusticity during the agricultural transition: Evidence from the bioarchaeological record. Economics and Human Biology, 9(3), 284–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ortner, D. J. (2003). Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains. London: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortner, D. J., & Putschar, W. G. (1985). Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, 28, 1–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owsley, D. W., & Jantz, R. L. (1985). Long bone lengths and gestational age distributions of post-­contact Arikara Indian perinatal infant skeletons. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 68, 321–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owsley, D. W., & Jantz, R. L. (1994). Skeletal biology in the great plains: Migration, warfare, health, and subsistence. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, O. M. (2000). Activity, climate and postcranial robusticity: Implications for modern human origins and scenarios of adaptive change. Current Anthropology, 41(4), 569–589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinhasi, R., & Stock, J. T. (2011). Human bioarchaeology of the transition to agriculture. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Reiner, D. S., Pastena, J. A., Swan, K. G., Lindenthal, J. J., & Tischler, C. D. (1990). Trauma recidivism. American Surgeon, 56, 556–560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruff, C. B. (2008). Biomechanical analyses of archaeological human skeletons. In M. A. Katzenberg & S. R. Saunders (Eds.), Biological anthropology of the human skeleton (2nd ed., pp. 183–206). Hoboken: Wiley.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Scheper-Hughes, N., & Lock, M. M. (1987). The mindful body: A prolegomenon to future work in medical anthropology. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, New Series, 1(1), 6–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheuer, L., & Black, S. M. (2000). Developmental juvenile osteology. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sofaer, J. R. (2006). The body as material culture: A theoretical osteoarchaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Steadman, D. W. (2009). Hard evidence: Case studies in forensic anthropology (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steckel, R. H. (1995). Stature and the standard of living. Journal of Economic Literature, 33, 1903–1940.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steckel, R. H. (2008). Biological measures of the standard of living. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(1), 129–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steckel, R. H., & Rose, J. C. (2002). The backbone of history: Health and nutrition in the western hemisphere. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Stefanović, S., & Porčić, M. (2013). Between-group differences in the patterning of musculo-­skeletal stress markers: Avoiding confounding factors by focusing on qualitative aspects of physical activity. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology,23(1), 94–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stock, J. T., & Shaw, C. N. (2007). Which measures of diaphyseal robusticity are robust? A comparison of external methods of quantifying the strength of long bone diaphyses to cross-­sectional geometric properties. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 134, 412–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stojanowski, C. M. (2005). Biocultural histories of La Florida: A bioarchaeological perspective. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilley, L. (2012). The bioarchaeology of care. The SAA Archaeological Record, 12(3), 39–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilley, L., & Oxenham, M. F. (2011). Survival against the odds: Modeling the social implications of care provision to seriously disabled individuals. International Journal of Paleopathology, 1(1), 35–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, T. W. (1920). Age changes in the pubic bone. I. The male white pubis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 3, 285–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tung, T. A. (2007). Trauma and violence in the Wari Empire of the Peruvian Andes: Warfare, raids, and ritual fights. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 133, 941–956.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tung, T. A. (2012). Violence against women: Differential treatment of local and foreign females in the heartland of the Wari Empire, Peru. In D. L. Martin, R. P. Harrod, & V. R. Pérez (Eds.), The bioarchaeology of violence (pp. 180–198). Gainesville: University of Florida Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, P. L. (1989). Cranial injuries as evidence of violence in prehistoric southern California. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 80, 313–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, P. L., Bathurst, R. R., Richman, R., Gjerdrum, T., & Andrushko, V. A. (2009). The causes of porotic hyperstosis and cribra orbitalia: A reappraisal of the iron-deficiency-anemia hypothesis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 139, 109–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, P. L., Buikstra, J. E., & McBride-Schreiner, S. (2012). Charles “Chuck” merbs: Reconstructing behavior through the bones. In J. E. Buikstra & C. A. Roberts (Eds.), The global history of paleopathology: Pioneers and prospects (pp. 60–69). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weston, D. A. (2008). Investigating the specificity of periosteal reactions in pathology museum specimens. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 137(1), 48–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, T. D., Folkens, P. A., & Black, M. T. (2012). Human osteology (3rd ed.). Burlington: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, P. F., Sacco, W. K., & Hochgraf, S. B. (2005). A photographic atlas for physical anthropology. Englewood: Morton Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, R. G. (1997). Violence against women: Raiding and abduction in prehistoric Michigan. In D. L. Martin & D. W. Frayer (Eds.), Troubled times: Violence and warfare in the past (pp. 21–44). Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woo, E. J., & Sciulli, P. W. (2011). Degenerative joint disease and social status in the terminal late Archaic period (1000–500 b.c.) of Ohio. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 10.1002/oa.1264.

  • Zvelebil, M., & Dolukhanov, P. (1991). The transition to farming in eastern and northern Europe. Journal of World Prehistory, 5(3), 233–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Martin, D.L., Harrod, R.P., Pérez, V.R. (2013). Bioarchaeology of Individuals: Identity, Social Theory, and Skeletal Analysis. In: Bioarchaeology. Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6378-8_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics